Table 1
(continued)
Influencing factors
Testing organism
Variables
Exposure
media
Zeta potential
in media (mV)
Exposure
length
Measured
endpoints
Toxicity effects
with various
concentrations
Potential
mechanism
Ref.
reconsituted
water
1,000 mg Ce/L
induced about
16.7% mortality
À
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size:13.9 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
À31.5
48 h
Cell mortality
1,000 mg Ce/L
induced about
3.3% mortality
+
Normal and cancer
cell lines
Size: 5 nm
Zeta potential: ~ +30 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM was toxic
to most of the cell
lines studied
Polymer-coated
CNPs display different levels of toxicity depending
upon cellular
uptake and subsequent subcellular
localization
Asati et al.
(2010)
0
Cancer cell lines
Size: 14 nm
Zeta potential: ~ 0 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM exhibit
minimal toxicity
À
Normal and cancer
cell lines
Size: 5 nm
Zeta potential: ~
À48 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM induced
significant
cytotoxicity
+
Triticum aestivum
Size: 12.0
Æ 3.4 nm
Electrophoretic mobility
(EM):1.15
Æ 0.3
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
+22
Æ 0.61
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (+) adhered
to the plant roots
the strongest
The electrostatic
interactions
between charged
particles and plant
tissues play important roles in distribution of CNPs in
plants and also the
toxicity effects
SpielmanSun et al.
(2017)
0
Triticum aestivum
Size: 19.4
Æ 5.7 nm
EM:
À0.02 Æ 0.21
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
À0.5 Æ 3.9
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (0) had
higher concentration in the
nonvascular leaf
tissue
À
Triticum aestivum
Size: 14.5
Æ 3.3 nm
EM:-1.59
Æ 0.41
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
À30.3 Æ 6.6
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (À)was
mostly in the leaf
veins
+
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 9
Size: 50 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
+6.32
Æ 1.59
24 h
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
EC50:
>250 mg/L
The surface charge
of CNPs control the
cellular uptake,
localization, and
also the
“oxidaseAlpaslan
et al. (2015)
+
+0.58
Æ 2.2
24 h
EC50:
>250 mg/L
166
G. You et al.
(continued)
Influencing factors
Testing organism
Variables
Exposure
media
Zeta potential
in media (mV)
Exposure
length
Measured
endpoints
Toxicity effects
with various
concentrations
Potential
mechanism
Ref.
reconsituted
water
1,000 mg Ce/L
induced about
16.7% mortality
À
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size:13.9 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
À31.5
48 h
Cell mortality
1,000 mg Ce/L
induced about
3.3% mortality
+
Normal and cancer
cell lines
Size: 5 nm
Zeta potential: ~ +30 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM was toxic
to most of the cell
lines studied
Polymer-coated
CNPs display different levels of toxicity depending
upon cellular
uptake and subsequent subcellular
localization
Asati et al.
(2010)
0
Cancer cell lines
Size: 14 nm
Zeta potential: ~ 0 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM exhibit
minimal toxicity
À
Normal and cancer
cell lines
Size: 5 nm
Zeta potential: ~
À48 mV
Modified
Ham, s F12
medium
N.a
3 h
Cell viability
1.0 mM induced
significant
cytotoxicity
+
Triticum aestivum
Size: 12.0
Æ 3.4 nm
Electrophoretic mobility
(EM):1.15
Æ 0.3
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
+22
Æ 0.61
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (+) adhered
to the plant roots
the strongest
The electrostatic
interactions
between charged
particles and plant
tissues play important roles in distribution of CNPs in
plants and also the
toxicity effects
SpielmanSun et al.
(2017)
0
Triticum aestivum
Size: 19.4
Æ 5.7 nm
EM:
À0.02 Æ 0.21
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
À0.5 Æ 3.9
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (0) had
higher concentration in the
nonvascular leaf
tissue
À
Triticum aestivum
Size: 14.5
Æ 3.3 nm
EM:-1.59
Æ 0.41
μmÁcmÁV
À1
Ás
À1
Hoagland’s
medium
À30.3 Æ 6.6
34 h
Uptake and
translocation of
CNPs in the
plants
CNPs (À)was
mostly in the leaf
veins
+
Bone cancer cell
lines
pH 9
Size: 50 nm
0.1 M dextran coated
Dulbecco’s
Modified
Eagle’s
Medium
+6.32
Æ 1.59
24 h
Cytotoxicity
assay and reactive oxygen species generation
EC50:
>250 mg/L
The surface charge
of CNPs control the
cellular uptake,
localization, and
also the
“oxidaseAlpaslan
et al. (2015)
+
+0.58
Æ 2.2
24 h
EC50:
>250 mg/L
166
G. You et al.