induced by 1 mg/L
CNPs
of other
antioxidants
Humic acid
(HA)
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 18.2 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
+21.9
48 h
Cell intensity
200 mg Ce/L
induced no significant mortality,
while 1 mg/L
noncoated CNPs
influence the
growth of
Caenorhabditis
elegans
HA decreased the
bioaccumulation of
CNPs in cells and
reduced the toxicity
Collin et al.
(2014)
Citric acid
(CA)
Raphanus sativus
Size: around 8 nm
Deionized
water
À57 Æ 0.6
5 days
Seed germination
200 mg/L CA
coated CNPs
increased root biomass compared to
bare CNPs
CA coating plays
significant roles in
reducing the Ce
uptake
TrujilloReyes et al.
(2013)
Citric acid
(CA)
Dreissena
polymorpha
Size: 3–4 nm
Point of zero charge: pH 7–7.5
OECD sediments and
spring water
(Volvic)
Around
À20
21 days
mRNA, catalase
activity, and
lysosomal system
1 mg/L CA-CNPs
posed stress effects
on the mussels, and
its bioaccumulation
is three times more
than bare CNPs
CA coating
enhanced CNPs
colloidal stability
and led to different
bioaccumulation
patterns
Garaud
et al. (2016)
Citric acid
(CA)
Tomato and fescue
Size: 3.9
Æ 1.8 nm
Sandy soil
and clay soil
rich in
organic
matter
À40 Æ 5
(pH 3–10)
16 h day
and 8 h
night
Phytoavailability
of CNPs
Organic matter and
citric acid could be
related to increased
mobility
The organic matter
and citric acid coating enhanced the
phytoavailability of
Ce
Layet et al.
(2017)
Citric acid
(CA)
Planorbarius
corneus
Eudiaptomus
vulgaris
Size: 3.9
Æ 1.8 nm
Spring water
of Volvic
À40 Æ 5
(pH 3–10)
28 days
Fate and transport of CNPs in
aquatic
mesocosms
Both the accumulation and dissolution
of CA-CNPs are
higher than bare
CNPs
CA-CNPs were
stable as collodial
suspension,
resulting in the
release of Ce into
water
Tella et al.
(2015)
Surface charge
+
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 15.3 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
+28.5
48 h
Cell mortality
50 mg Ce/L
induced about 76%
mortality
Surface charge
affected the uptake
of CNPs in cells
and also the oxidation state of Ce in
tissues after uptake
Collin et al.
(2014)
0
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 17.8 nm
Moderately
hard
À9.3
48 h
Cell mortality
(continued)
Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the. . .
165
CNPs
of other
antioxidants
Humic acid
(HA)
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 18.2 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
+21.9
48 h
Cell intensity
200 mg Ce/L
induced no significant mortality,
while 1 mg/L
noncoated CNPs
influence the
growth of
Caenorhabditis
elegans
HA decreased the
bioaccumulation of
CNPs in cells and
reduced the toxicity
Collin et al.
(2014)
Citric acid
(CA)
Raphanus sativus
Size: around 8 nm
Deionized
water
À57 Æ 0.6
5 days
Seed germination
200 mg/L CA
coated CNPs
increased root biomass compared to
bare CNPs
CA coating plays
significant roles in
reducing the Ce
uptake
TrujilloReyes et al.
(2013)
Citric acid
(CA)
Dreissena
polymorpha
Size: 3–4 nm
Point of zero charge: pH 7–7.5
OECD sediments and
spring water
(Volvic)
Around
À20
21 days
mRNA, catalase
activity, and
lysosomal system
1 mg/L CA-CNPs
posed stress effects
on the mussels, and
its bioaccumulation
is three times more
than bare CNPs
CA coating
enhanced CNPs
colloidal stability
and led to different
bioaccumulation
patterns
Garaud
et al. (2016)
Citric acid
(CA)
Tomato and fescue
Size: 3.9
Æ 1.8 nm
Sandy soil
and clay soil
rich in
organic
matter
À40 Æ 5
(pH 3–10)
16 h day
and 8 h
night
Phytoavailability
of CNPs
Organic matter and
citric acid could be
related to increased
mobility
The organic matter
and citric acid coating enhanced the
phytoavailability of
Ce
Layet et al.
(2017)
Citric acid
(CA)
Planorbarius
corneus
Eudiaptomus
vulgaris
Size: 3.9
Æ 1.8 nm
Spring water
of Volvic
À40 Æ 5
(pH 3–10)
28 days
Fate and transport of CNPs in
aquatic
mesocosms
Both the accumulation and dissolution
of CA-CNPs are
higher than bare
CNPs
CA-CNPs were
stable as collodial
suspension,
resulting in the
release of Ce into
water
Tella et al.
(2015)
Surface charge
+
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 15.3 nm
Moderately
hard
reconsituted
water
+28.5
48 h
Cell mortality
50 mg Ce/L
induced about 76%
mortality
Surface charge
affected the uptake
of CNPs in cells
and also the oxidation state of Ce in
tissues after uptake
Collin et al.
(2014)
0
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Size: 17.8 nm
Moderately
hard
À9.3
48 h
Cell mortality
(continued)
Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the. . .
165