406
meantime, the advent of hybrid adsorbents has raised hopes for a solution to the
problem of the dye-containing effluents. This chapter first deals with dyeing materials, their types, sources of release, and their environmental effects and then focuses
on different aspects of hybrid adsorbents such as synthesis methods and their applications in the removal of different types of dyes.
Keywords Dye · Adsorption · Hybrid · Removal · Wastewater treatment
16.1 Introduction
Water pollution is a serious public health and a worldwide environmental concern,
and so much research has been conducted to find promising solutions (Anastopoulos
et al. 2018). The most important causes of water pollution are mining activities,
industrial waste, sewage and wastewater, fertilizers and pesticides, urban development, and radioactive wastes (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019). The environmental regulations on industrial wastewater, in particular in developed countries, become
stricter and mandate wastewater treatment before being released into the environment (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019). Reducing the environmental impacts of effluents
to acceptable levels is the first and foremost concern of the modern world that has
increased the demand for pollutant removal technologies (Pereira and Alves 2012).
Dyes are one of the most important water pollutants in the effluent and wastewater of various industries (Angın et al. 2013). Dyes with a large coloring capacity
play an important role in the leather, textile, plastic, food, paint, and paper industries. It is estimated that about 100,000 dyes and pigments are available today in the
market and that around 7 × 10
5
tons of synthetic dyes are manufactured throughout
the world each year for coloring purposes (Khan et al. 2016; Zubair et al. 2017a).
The wastewater containing dyes poses serious environmental hazards (Iqbal 2016).
Therefore, removing dyes from the wastewater is a vital step that needs to be
addressed by the industrial communities. One of the most promising measures is the
use of adsorption processes to remove dyes.
Due to their improved structural chemistry, hybrid adsorbents exhibit superior
adsorption capacity over dyes. The development of nanostructured adsorbents due
to their high specific surface area, availability of surface active sites, and high stability and regeneration capacities have led to significant advances in adsorption processes (Singh et al. 2018). Nevertheless, selecting the appropriate adsorbents and
operating conditions is a thoughtful measure to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Researchers are still seeking new methods to produce new adsorbents with
high adsorption capacities for an extent range of pollutants and excellent regeneration characteristics (Zafar et al. 2018). This chapter aims to explore different aspects
of hybrid adsorbents in dye removal.
R. M. Moattari and T. Mohammadi
meantime, the advent of hybrid adsorbents has raised hopes for a solution to the
problem of the dye-containing effluents. This chapter first deals with dyeing materials, their types, sources of release, and their environmental effects and then focuses
on different aspects of hybrid adsorbents such as synthesis methods and their applications in the removal of different types of dyes.
Keywords Dye · Adsorption · Hybrid · Removal · Wastewater treatment
16.1 Introduction
Water pollution is a serious public health and a worldwide environmental concern,
and so much research has been conducted to find promising solutions (Anastopoulos
et al. 2018). The most important causes of water pollution are mining activities,
industrial waste, sewage and wastewater, fertilizers and pesticides, urban development, and radioactive wastes (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019). The environmental regulations on industrial wastewater, in particular in developed countries, become
stricter and mandate wastewater treatment before being released into the environment (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019). Reducing the environmental impacts of effluents
to acceptable levels is the first and foremost concern of the modern world that has
increased the demand for pollutant removal technologies (Pereira and Alves 2012).
Dyes are one of the most important water pollutants in the effluent and wastewater of various industries (Angın et al. 2013). Dyes with a large coloring capacity
play an important role in the leather, textile, plastic, food, paint, and paper industries. It is estimated that about 100,000 dyes and pigments are available today in the
market and that around 7 × 10
5
tons of synthetic dyes are manufactured throughout
the world each year for coloring purposes (Khan et al. 2016; Zubair et al. 2017a).
The wastewater containing dyes poses serious environmental hazards (Iqbal 2016).
Therefore, removing dyes from the wastewater is a vital step that needs to be
addressed by the industrial communities. One of the most promising measures is the
use of adsorption processes to remove dyes.
Due to their improved structural chemistry, hybrid adsorbents exhibit superior
adsorption capacity over dyes. The development of nanostructured adsorbents due
to their high specific surface area, availability of surface active sites, and high stability and regeneration capacities have led to significant advances in adsorption processes (Singh et al. 2018). Nevertheless, selecting the appropriate adsorbents and
operating conditions is a thoughtful measure to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Researchers are still seeking new methods to produce new adsorbents with
high adsorption capacities for an extent range of pollutants and excellent regeneration characteristics (Zafar et al. 2018). This chapter aims to explore different aspects
of hybrid adsorbents in dye removal.
R. M. Moattari and T. Mohammadi