395
15.4.3 Biosorbents
Biosorption is defined as the adsorption process in which the concentration of biological materials, including bacterial, fungi, yeast, and biopolymers, is accumulated
and used as inexpensive adsorbents that are used in removing dyes from industrial
effluents. They are mainly used to remove basic dye malachite green from aqueous
solution.
Biomass can be defined as the biological material that can be derived from both
vegetables and animals as living or recently dead organisms. It can be used as adsorbent and efficiently removes the malachite green from wastewater. The advantages
of this process are (1) high efficiency, (2) low cost, (3) easily available, (4) minimal
biological and chemical sludge formation, (5) regeneration of biosorbent, and (6) no
additional requirement of nutrient. Different types of living or dead biomass can be
used as adsorbent such as white-rot fungi, submerged aquatic plant, brown marine
algae, freshwater algae, and immobilized baker’s yeast cells (Raval et al. 2017).
Namasivayam et al. (2001) experimented on basic dye (e.g., methylene blue, rhodamine B) and acid dye (e.g., acid brilliant blue, acid violet) removal using coir pith
biomass waste as adsorbent. The capacities of adsorption was 16.67, 1.65, and
203.25 mg g
−1
for acid brilliant blue, acid violet, and rhodamine B dye, respectively
(Namasivayam et al. 2001). Annadurai et al. (2003) studied the synthetic dye
(Rhodamine 6G) removal present in industrial wastewater by using waste biological
sludge. The waste biological sludge mainly contains protozoa and bacteria. The bacteria cell wall comprises with numerous organic compounds such as chitin, amino
acids, lipids, acidic polysaccharides, and other cellular compounds that successfully
adsorb the both dyes and heavy metal ions (Annadurai et al. 2003). Sirianuntapiboon
and Srisornsak (2007) experimented on the removal of disperse dyes by using both
the granular activated carbon and bio-sludge in which bio-sludge is found more
effective in removing disperse dye as well as organic matter. The adsorption capacity is increased by 30% by using bio-sludge, and it can be washed with 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide solution for reuse also (Sirianuntapiboon and Srisornsak 2007). Lata
et al. (2008) also experimented on rhodamine-B dye removal by using the adsorbents prepared from parthenium biomass treated with formaldehyde and parthenium
carbon treated with phosphoric acid. The result shows that the adsorption efficiency
of parthenium biomass was 63.16%, and parthenium carbon was 85.95%. The
removal of dye largely depends on the reaction time, adsorbent dose and the initial
concentration of dye (Lata et al. 2008). Reusing the activated sludge waste is very
interesting approach as resource utilization. But it suffers some drawbacks such as
(1) emission of bad odor during storage and (2) changing the biomass quality continuously. However, sludge has some disadvantages like continuous the sludge
change and of odor emission at the time of storage. They found the product is very
efficient in removing rhodamine 6G dye successfully (Annadurai et al. 2003).
Biopolymers are the compounds with large molecular weight derived from living
organisms. Among all, chitin and chitosan are two most popular polysaccharide,
which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily available biopolymers with less
15 Remediation of Dyes from Industrial Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents
15.4.3 Biosorbents
Biosorption is defined as the adsorption process in which the concentration of biological materials, including bacterial, fungi, yeast, and biopolymers, is accumulated
and used as inexpensive adsorbents that are used in removing dyes from industrial
effluents. They are mainly used to remove basic dye malachite green from aqueous
solution.
Biomass can be defined as the biological material that can be derived from both
vegetables and animals as living or recently dead organisms. It can be used as adsorbent and efficiently removes the malachite green from wastewater. The advantages
of this process are (1) high efficiency, (2) low cost, (3) easily available, (4) minimal
biological and chemical sludge formation, (5) regeneration of biosorbent, and (6) no
additional requirement of nutrient. Different types of living or dead biomass can be
used as adsorbent such as white-rot fungi, submerged aquatic plant, brown marine
algae, freshwater algae, and immobilized baker’s yeast cells (Raval et al. 2017).
Namasivayam et al. (2001) experimented on basic dye (e.g., methylene blue, rhodamine B) and acid dye (e.g., acid brilliant blue, acid violet) removal using coir pith
biomass waste as adsorbent. The capacities of adsorption was 16.67, 1.65, and
203.25 mg g
−1
for acid brilliant blue, acid violet, and rhodamine B dye, respectively
(Namasivayam et al. 2001). Annadurai et al. (2003) studied the synthetic dye
(Rhodamine 6G) removal present in industrial wastewater by using waste biological
sludge. The waste biological sludge mainly contains protozoa and bacteria. The bacteria cell wall comprises with numerous organic compounds such as chitin, amino
acids, lipids, acidic polysaccharides, and other cellular compounds that successfully
adsorb the both dyes and heavy metal ions (Annadurai et al. 2003). Sirianuntapiboon
and Srisornsak (2007) experimented on the removal of disperse dyes by using both
the granular activated carbon and bio-sludge in which bio-sludge is found more
effective in removing disperse dye as well as organic matter. The adsorption capacity is increased by 30% by using bio-sludge, and it can be washed with 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide solution for reuse also (Sirianuntapiboon and Srisornsak 2007). Lata
et al. (2008) also experimented on rhodamine-B dye removal by using the adsorbents prepared from parthenium biomass treated with formaldehyde and parthenium
carbon treated with phosphoric acid. The result shows that the adsorption efficiency
of parthenium biomass was 63.16%, and parthenium carbon was 85.95%. The
removal of dye largely depends on the reaction time, adsorbent dose and the initial
concentration of dye (Lata et al. 2008). Reusing the activated sludge waste is very
interesting approach as resource utilization. But it suffers some drawbacks such as
(1) emission of bad odor during storage and (2) changing the biomass quality continuously. However, sludge has some disadvantages like continuous the sludge
change and of odor emission at the time of storage. They found the product is very
efficient in removing rhodamine 6G dye successfully (Annadurai et al. 2003).
Biopolymers are the compounds with large molecular weight derived from living
organisms. Among all, chitin and chitosan are two most popular polysaccharide,
which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily available biopolymers with less
15 Remediation of Dyes from Industrial Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents