362
adsorption capacity. In these studies, many species of fungal biomasses, such as
Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger (live), Penicillium
chrysogenum, and Aspergillus terreus (immobilized in polyurethane foam) were
tested. Various fungal biomasses such as Aspergillus niger (Dursun 2006) and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Cojocaru et al. 2009) were used for the removal of metal
ion. Metabolic activities of fungi depend on the presence of metal ion. There are
many instances where fungal biomass shows the higher metal binding efficiencies.
14.4.5 Algal Biomass Biosorbents
Many algae show potential capacity of metal ion adsorption. As it is available in
large quantities in nature, it has been used as an economical biosorbent. The
researchers used dried marine green algae for the elimination of copper and zinc
(Ajjabi and Chouba 2009). According to Brinza et al. 2007, brown algae show the
higher metal adsorption capacity than the other forms (Brinza et al. 2007). Various
studies from literature are reported in Table 14.10. Adsorption of lead by algal biomass was reported by Deng et al. (2007).
14.4.6 Chitosan Composite Biosorbents
Chitosan is basically a biopolymer and capable to remove the metal ions effectively from the wastewater. For the increasing of the adsorption capacity, various
modifications of the chitosan were done and reported in literature. Various chitosan
composites which are reported in literature are shown in Table 14.11. Some
researchers utilized the chitosan for the treatment of copper, chromium, lead, and
Table 14.10 Removal of metal ions by algal biomass
Algal biomass
Metal
ions
Adsorption capacity
(mg/g)
References
Aphanothece
halophytica
Zn
133
Incharoensakdi and Kitjaharn
(2002)
Cladophora crispata
Cr
3
Nourbakhsh et al. (1994)
Ascophyllum nodosum Ni, Pb
30, 270–360
Holan and Volesky (1995)
Ascophyllum nodosum Cd
215
Holan et al. (1993)
Chlorella vulgaris
Cr
3.5
Nourbakhsh et al. (1994)
Sargassum fluitans
Cu
51
Kratochvil et al. (1997)
Pachymeniopis sp.
Cr(VI)
225
Lee et al. (2000)
Sargassum natans
Cd
135
Holan et al. (1993)
Sargassum sp.
Cd
120
Cruz et al. (2004)
Fucus spiralis
Cd
64
Cordeo et al. (2004)
S. Biswas and S. Nag
adsorption capacity. In these studies, many species of fungal biomasses, such as
Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger (live), Penicillium
chrysogenum, and Aspergillus terreus (immobilized in polyurethane foam) were
tested. Various fungal biomasses such as Aspergillus niger (Dursun 2006) and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Cojocaru et al. 2009) were used for the removal of metal
ion. Metabolic activities of fungi depend on the presence of metal ion. There are
many instances where fungal biomass shows the higher metal binding efficiencies.
14.4.5 Algal Biomass Biosorbents
Many algae show potential capacity of metal ion adsorption. As it is available in
large quantities in nature, it has been used as an economical biosorbent. The
researchers used dried marine green algae for the elimination of copper and zinc
(Ajjabi and Chouba 2009). According to Brinza et al. 2007, brown algae show the
higher metal adsorption capacity than the other forms (Brinza et al. 2007). Various
studies from literature are reported in Table 14.10. Adsorption of lead by algal biomass was reported by Deng et al. (2007).
14.4.6 Chitosan Composite Biosorbents
Chitosan is basically a biopolymer and capable to remove the metal ions effectively from the wastewater. For the increasing of the adsorption capacity, various
modifications of the chitosan were done and reported in literature. Various chitosan
composites which are reported in literature are shown in Table 14.11. Some
researchers utilized the chitosan for the treatment of copper, chromium, lead, and
Table 14.10 Removal of metal ions by algal biomass
Algal biomass
Metal
ions
Adsorption capacity
(mg/g)
References
Aphanothece
halophytica
Zn
133
Incharoensakdi and Kitjaharn
(2002)
Cladophora crispata
Cr
3
Nourbakhsh et al. (1994)
Ascophyllum nodosum Ni, Pb
30, 270–360
Holan and Volesky (1995)
Ascophyllum nodosum Cd
215
Holan et al. (1993)
Chlorella vulgaris
Cr
3.5
Nourbakhsh et al. (1994)
Sargassum fluitans
Cu
51
Kratochvil et al. (1997)
Pachymeniopis sp.
Cr(VI)
225
Lee et al. (2000)
Sargassum natans
Cd
135
Holan et al. (1993)
Sargassum sp.
Cd
120
Cruz et al. (2004)
Fucus spiralis
Cd
64
Cordeo et al. (2004)
S. Biswas and S. Nag