276
producers and consumers. All colors used in trade and industry have their references
in this index. Each of the coloring substances listed in the index (both dyes and pigments) has an individual name (generic name) and an individual designation in the
form of a number (constitution number) in the case of a known and published structure. The first synthetic dyes were fuchsin and mowein. The demand for dyes and
pigments rises year after year, estimated to be 3.9% in 2008–2013; in 2010 the
highest consumption of dyes and pigments was observed in Asia. The leading countries in the production of dyes in the last quarter of the century were the United
States, Japan, the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia especially China, India, and
South Korea. 1990 was a breakthrough year in the textile industry and the production of dyes. Statistical data indicates that for several years now, supply and demand
are at a similar level. In present, China is the largest producer and recipient of dyes
on a global scale, which consume a larger half of the dyes produced (Katheresan et al.
2018). Dyes are used in many industries, including textile, cellulose and paper,
pharmaceutical, food, production of paints and varnishes, cosmetics, and production of inks and toners. Moreover, they are increasingly used in the technology of
optical indicators and optical recording, nonlinear optics, and color photography
technology.
11.2 Methods of Dyes Removal
Due to the large scale of dye production and the possibility of their penetration into
water reservoirs as a result of non-efficient technological processes, they get into the
environment from the textile industry in the amount of 2–50%, depending on the
chemical group (dyes discharge to effluents amounts: 5–20% acid, 0–5% basic,
5–30% direct, 0–10% disperse, 2–10% metal-complex, 10–50% reactive, 10–40%
sulfur, 5–20% vat). Textile sewages composition (Bartkiewicz and Umiejewska
2010) depending on the type of fabrics dyed is presented in Fig. 11.3.
Dyes concentration in effluents can reach up to 300 mg/mL (O’Neill et al. 1999).
Many dyes are discernible at 1 mg/L concentration in water (Panday et al. 2007).
Besides the aesthetic values, it is also important to mention that they constitute a
threat to the environment and living organisms. Their presence in the environment
affects adversely the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and poses a threat to human
and animal health. Permeation of colored wastewaters into waters causes limitation
of photosynthesis, which in turn leads to an oxygen concentration decrease and biological balance disturbance in the environment. Many industrial dyes contain harmful carcinogenic and mutagenic substances, which can enter food chain and move
through its individual links (O’Neill et al. 1999; Holme 1984). Analysis of Ecological
and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers report
concerning toxicity of 3000 different dyes allows to state that they are characterized
by a high Lethal Concentration 50 value compared to pesticides, e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Lethal Concentration 50 (dyes) = 0.05 mg/L, Lethal Concentration 50
A. Wołowicz and M. Wawrzkiewicz
producers and consumers. All colors used in trade and industry have their references
in this index. Each of the coloring substances listed in the index (both dyes and pigments) has an individual name (generic name) and an individual designation in the
form of a number (constitution number) in the case of a known and published structure. The first synthetic dyes were fuchsin and mowein. The demand for dyes and
pigments rises year after year, estimated to be 3.9% in 2008–2013; in 2010 the
highest consumption of dyes and pigments was observed in Asia. The leading countries in the production of dyes in the last quarter of the century were the United
States, Japan, the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia especially China, India, and
South Korea. 1990 was a breakthrough year in the textile industry and the production of dyes. Statistical data indicates that for several years now, supply and demand
are at a similar level. In present, China is the largest producer and recipient of dyes
on a global scale, which consume a larger half of the dyes produced (Katheresan et al.
2018). Dyes are used in many industries, including textile, cellulose and paper,
pharmaceutical, food, production of paints and varnishes, cosmetics, and production of inks and toners. Moreover, they are increasingly used in the technology of
optical indicators and optical recording, nonlinear optics, and color photography
technology.
11.2 Methods of Dyes Removal
Due to the large scale of dye production and the possibility of their penetration into
water reservoirs as a result of non-efficient technological processes, they get into the
environment from the textile industry in the amount of 2–50%, depending on the
chemical group (dyes discharge to effluents amounts: 5–20% acid, 0–5% basic,
5–30% direct, 0–10% disperse, 2–10% metal-complex, 10–50% reactive, 10–40%
sulfur, 5–20% vat). Textile sewages composition (Bartkiewicz and Umiejewska
2010) depending on the type of fabrics dyed is presented in Fig. 11.3.
Dyes concentration in effluents can reach up to 300 mg/mL (O’Neill et al. 1999).
Many dyes are discernible at 1 mg/L concentration in water (Panday et al. 2007).
Besides the aesthetic values, it is also important to mention that they constitute a
threat to the environment and living organisms. Their presence in the environment
affects adversely the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and poses a threat to human
and animal health. Permeation of colored wastewaters into waters causes limitation
of photosynthesis, which in turn leads to an oxygen concentration decrease and biological balance disturbance in the environment. Many industrial dyes contain harmful carcinogenic and mutagenic substances, which can enter food chain and move
through its individual links (O’Neill et al. 1999; Holme 1984). Analysis of Ecological
and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers report
concerning toxicity of 3000 different dyes allows to state that they are characterized
by a high Lethal Concentration 50 value compared to pesticides, e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Lethal Concentration 50 (dyes) = 0.05 mg/L, Lethal Concentration 50
A. Wołowicz and M. Wawrzkiewicz