235
determined using powder X-ray diffraction when the monochromatic ray gets
passed into the structure of the particle. Based on the distinct wavelength, the size
of the particles is evaluated using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Dynamic light
scattering determines the charge and hydrodynamic structure of the particle based
on the scattered rays of an incidental photon (Rajeshkumar et al. 2019).
9.5 Removal of Pollutants Using Different Nanoparticles
9.5.1 Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles have a different task in the physical, biological, and chemical
properties with the specific electrical and plasmon resonance at their surface. Since
nanotechnology has a distinct property to remove the hazardous pollutants from
industrial wastewater from other methods like colloidal, electrochemical, oxidation,
thermal decomposition, sonochemical, microwave, and photocatalytic degradation,
silver particle production emerges as the boom in the removal of these toxic pollutants (Sobana et al. 2006). The major disadvantage is the elimination of these
nanoparticles to the ecosystem upon their synthesis, integration, production, and
percolation into the soil. Such particles get accumulated and pollute the environment due to their nonbiodegradable nature. So it affects the ecosystem from the
primary microorganisms to the higher level flora and fauna in the aquatic environment (El-Kassas et al. 2016). To reduce the toxicity, these silver particles were integrated with the various plant extracts where the polyphenolic constituents play a
distinct part as the natural capping and reducing agent. Also, it enhances the overall
system stability (Lingamdinne et al. 2017) (Table 9.2).
9.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle
Due to their specific characteristic feature of recovery and reusability, magnetic
nanoparticles are probably considered in most of the industries. It has numerous
advantages such as specific interstitial pores that help the prolonged reactivity
among them when compared to other particles and are extensively used in the environmental remediation process. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches which
include machining, milling, and etching have been promoted for the growth of these
nanomaterials. But other factors like capital expensive, high utilization of energy,
their operational cost, irregular surface features, and the elimination of toxic pollutants due to the component reactivity lead to the alternate method that paves the way
for the plant extracts to be integrated with the magnetic nanoparticles (Syafiuddin
et al. 2017). The polyphenolic components of the various plant extracts due to their
specific properties are widely integrated with these nanoparticles and have been
extensively studied in the various bioremediation aspects (Machado et al. 2013).
9 Biosorption of Metal Ions Present in Industrial Wastewater
determined using powder X-ray diffraction when the monochromatic ray gets
passed into the structure of the particle. Based on the distinct wavelength, the size
of the particles is evaluated using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Dynamic light
scattering determines the charge and hydrodynamic structure of the particle based
on the scattered rays of an incidental photon (Rajeshkumar et al. 2019).
9.5 Removal of Pollutants Using Different Nanoparticles
9.5.1 Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles have a different task in the physical, biological, and chemical
properties with the specific electrical and plasmon resonance at their surface. Since
nanotechnology has a distinct property to remove the hazardous pollutants from
industrial wastewater from other methods like colloidal, electrochemical, oxidation,
thermal decomposition, sonochemical, microwave, and photocatalytic degradation,
silver particle production emerges as the boom in the removal of these toxic pollutants (Sobana et al. 2006). The major disadvantage is the elimination of these
nanoparticles to the ecosystem upon their synthesis, integration, production, and
percolation into the soil. Such particles get accumulated and pollute the environment due to their nonbiodegradable nature. So it affects the ecosystem from the
primary microorganisms to the higher level flora and fauna in the aquatic environment (El-Kassas et al. 2016). To reduce the toxicity, these silver particles were integrated with the various plant extracts where the polyphenolic constituents play a
distinct part as the natural capping and reducing agent. Also, it enhances the overall
system stability (Lingamdinne et al. 2017) (Table 9.2).
9.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle
Due to their specific characteristic feature of recovery and reusability, magnetic
nanoparticles are probably considered in most of the industries. It has numerous
advantages such as specific interstitial pores that help the prolonged reactivity
among them when compared to other particles and are extensively used in the environmental remediation process. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches which
include machining, milling, and etching have been promoted for the growth of these
nanomaterials. But other factors like capital expensive, high utilization of energy,
their operational cost, irregular surface features, and the elimination of toxic pollutants due to the component reactivity lead to the alternate method that paves the way
for the plant extracts to be integrated with the magnetic nanoparticles (Syafiuddin
et al. 2017). The polyphenolic components of the various plant extracts due to their
specific properties are widely integrated with these nanoparticles and have been
extensively studied in the various bioremediation aspects (Machado et al. 2013).
9 Biosorption of Metal Ions Present in Industrial Wastewater