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9.3 Preparation of Nanoparticle
The different materials like numerous polymers, polysaccharides, and proteins are
used to synthesize the nanoparticles that usually increase the treatment. The various
factors like the surface characteristic feature of charge, intensity over the degree of
toxic nature, biodegradable and biocompatible nature, size, and solubility decide
the nanoparticle preparation (Zimmer and Kreuter 1995). The different methods
used to produce nanoparticles include are polymerization, solvent evaporation and
diffusion, supercritical fluid technology models, and coacervation techniques. The
different hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs are prepared using both the solvent
evaporation and the diffusion method where different solvents like ethyl acetate,
dichloromethane, and chloroform are used to mix the polymer with continuous stirring. Finally, ultrasonication is done to reduce particle size (Zambaux et al. 1998).
Ultrasonication is followed with the polymerization technique where the particles
are allowed to suspend in a specific medium, and the mixture is allowed to settle,
and the end products are obtained after ultracentrifugation. Appropriate stabilizers
are used with the definite concentration which has been considered as the major role
in the formation of nanoparticles (Puglisi et al. 1995). The nanoparticle synthesis of
hydrophilic polymers that includes gelatin, sodium alginate, and chitosan is prepared using coacervation method. Here the formation of two-aqueous phases occurs
where one phase results in the formation of di-block ethylene oxide copolymer, and
the other phase results in the formation of polyanion sodium triphosphate. These
particles are found to interact with the electrostatic forces in the room temperature
(Calvo et al. 1997). The disadvantage of this method is the usage of excessive chemicals, hence an alternate method is superfluid technology, could be used to prepare
the nanoparticles with biodegradable nature are considered to be safe to the environment. This method is normally preferred for the large-scale production where solvent used is at their constant pressure and critical temperature. The major
disadvantage was the complex design and cost of the equipment (Sun et al. 2005).
9.4 Characterization of Nanoparticle
Based on the distinct functional entities and various elemental components with the
morphological characteristics of size, structure, and shape, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by numerous analytical techniques as follows. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is to assess the specific functional entities on the
nanoparticle surface that are obtained by infrared adsorption and spectral emission.
Transmission electron microscopy identifies the shape, distribution, and size of the
distinct nanoparticles. When a beam of electrons are passed to the scanning electron
microscope, based on the reacted components, the size of the nanoparticles is evaluated, and energy dispersive spectroscopy is used to identify the reacted components
when X-rays are pass into the spectrum. The crystalline structured product is
D. Vishnu et al.
9.3 Preparation of Nanoparticle
The different materials like numerous polymers, polysaccharides, and proteins are
used to synthesize the nanoparticles that usually increase the treatment. The various
factors like the surface characteristic feature of charge, intensity over the degree of
toxic nature, biodegradable and biocompatible nature, size, and solubility decide
the nanoparticle preparation (Zimmer and Kreuter 1995). The different methods
used to produce nanoparticles include are polymerization, solvent evaporation and
diffusion, supercritical fluid technology models, and coacervation techniques. The
different hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs are prepared using both the solvent
evaporation and the diffusion method where different solvents like ethyl acetate,
dichloromethane, and chloroform are used to mix the polymer with continuous stirring. Finally, ultrasonication is done to reduce particle size (Zambaux et al. 1998).
Ultrasonication is followed with the polymerization technique where the particles
are allowed to suspend in a specific medium, and the mixture is allowed to settle,
and the end products are obtained after ultracentrifugation. Appropriate stabilizers
are used with the definite concentration which has been considered as the major role
in the formation of nanoparticles (Puglisi et al. 1995). The nanoparticle synthesis of
hydrophilic polymers that includes gelatin, sodium alginate, and chitosan is prepared using coacervation method. Here the formation of two-aqueous phases occurs
where one phase results in the formation of di-block ethylene oxide copolymer, and
the other phase results in the formation of polyanion sodium triphosphate. These
particles are found to interact with the electrostatic forces in the room temperature
(Calvo et al. 1997). The disadvantage of this method is the usage of excessive chemicals, hence an alternate method is superfluid technology, could be used to prepare
the nanoparticles with biodegradable nature are considered to be safe to the environment. This method is normally preferred for the large-scale production where solvent used is at their constant pressure and critical temperature. The major
disadvantage was the complex design and cost of the equipment (Sun et al. 2005).
9.4 Characterization of Nanoparticle
Based on the distinct functional entities and various elemental components with the
morphological characteristics of size, structure, and shape, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by numerous analytical techniques as follows. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is to assess the specific functional entities on the
nanoparticle surface that are obtained by infrared adsorption and spectral emission.
Transmission electron microscopy identifies the shape, distribution, and size of the
distinct nanoparticles. When a beam of electrons are passed to the scanning electron
microscope, based on the reacted components, the size of the nanoparticles is evaluated, and energy dispersive spectroscopy is used to identify the reacted components
when X-rays are pass into the spectrum. The crystalline structured product is
D. Vishnu et al.