The strategy of nutrient and resource recovery
has to be designed and implemented for a local
area, based on local options and needs. The role
of excreta and wastewater treatment infrastructure
should be linked with city development and a
food security agenda by urban planners and policymakers (Koné 2010). The use of wastewater in
agriculture is an option that is increasingly being
investigated and implemented since it enables
freshwater to be exchanged for nutrient-rich
wastewater (Hettiarachchi and Ardakanian
2016). This practice of agricultural use of
wastewater after necessary treatment has many
advantages such as reduced demand for freshwater, decreased pollution of surface and
groundwater, increased soil fertility, reduced
investment in chemical fertilizer, and efficient
management of high volumes of urban wastewater. The safe use of wastewater for food production addresses the sanitation and agricultural
issues faced by peri-urban areas while addressing
also the malnutrition issue (Dasgupta et al. 2014).
This explains the role of resource recovery and
reuse through the sanitation–agriculture–public
health nexus when building urban resilience.
Acknowledgements The first author (Girija R) would
like to thank the CDD Society and Bremen Overseas
Research and Development Association (BORDA) and
International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for
providing the opportunity to present the project findings.
The authors would also like to thank the management and
project team members for their valuable inputs and suggestions on this paper. Krishi Vignyana Kendra, Dharwad, provided land holdings details of Kamalapur village,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
References
Alberta Government (2012) Occupational health and
safety bulletin: workers exposure to sewage. Alberta
Health Services
BORDA, CCD Society (2017) Scaling-up decentralized
wastewater treatment. https://cdn.nimbu.io/s/gcj6927/
channelentries/w3p3h2f/files/2.%20Edathoot%
20BORDA%20GSTIC%20scalingup%20DEWT.pdf?
eozwff7. Accessed 08 Jun 2020
Bradford A, Brook R, Hunshal CS (2003) Wastewater
irrigation in Hubli-Dharwad, India: implications for
health and livelihoods. Environ Urban 15:157–170.
https://doi.org/10.1630/095624703101286600
Carr R (2005) Who guidelines for safe wastewater use—
more than just numbers. Irrig Drain 54:S103–S111.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.190
Cardenas Reyes MA, Ali I, Lai FY, Da L, Thier R,
Rajapakse J (2016) Removal of micropollutants
through a biological wastewater treatment plant in a
subtropical climate, Queensland-Australia. J Environ
Health Sci Eng 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201016-0257-8
Chislock MF, Doster E, Zitomer RA, Wilson AE (2013)
Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and controls in
aquatic ecosystems. Nat Educ Knowl 4(4):10
Dasgupta R, Sinha D, Yumnam V (2014) Programmatic
response to malnutrition in India: room for more than
one elephant? Indian Pediatr 51:863–868. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13312-014-0518-5
Daughton CG, Thomas AT (1999) Pharmaceuticals and
personal care products in the environment: agents of
subtle change? Environ Health Perspect 107:907.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3434573
Drechsel P, Mara DD, Bartone C, Scheierling SM (2010)
Improving wastewater use in agriculture: an emerging
priority. The World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.
org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5412
Ensink JHJ, Blumenthal UJ, Brooker S (2008) Wastewater quality and the risk of intestinal nematode
infection in sewage farming families in Hyderabad,
India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79(4):561–567. https://doi.
org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.561
FAO (1997) Chapter 2—Health risks associated with
wastewater use. Rome. https://www.fao.org/docrep/
w5367e/w5367e04.htm
Fattal B, Wax Y, Davies M, Shuval HI (1986) Health
risks associated with wastewater irrigation: an epidemiological study. Am J Public Health 76:977–979.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.76.8.977
Fuhrimann S, Winkler MS, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Halage AA, Rutebemberwa E, Medlicott K, Schindler C, Utzinger J, Cissé G (2016) Risk
of intestinal parasitic infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and fecal sludge in
Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. PLOS Negl
Trop Dis 10(3):e0004469. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pntd.0004469
Halkatti M, Purushothaman S, Brook R (2016) Participatory action planning in the peri-urban interface: the
twin city experience, Hubli–Dharwad, India: environment and urbanization. https://doi.org/10.1177/
095624780301500112
HDMC Home | Hubballi-Dharwad City Corporation.
https://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en/home. Accessed 08
Jun 2020
Hettiarachchi H, Ardakanian R (eds) (2016) Safe use of
wastewater in agriculture: good practice examples.
UNU-FLORES, Dresden. https://collections.unu.edu/
view/UNU:5764
Hettiarachchi H, Ardakanian R (eds) (2018) Safe use of
wastewater in agriculture: from concept to implementation. Springer International Publishing
Sustainable and Safe Use of Wastewater …
55
has to be designed and implemented for a local
area, based on local options and needs. The role
of excreta and wastewater treatment infrastructure
should be linked with city development and a
food security agenda by urban planners and policymakers (Koné 2010). The use of wastewater in
agriculture is an option that is increasingly being
investigated and implemented since it enables
freshwater to be exchanged for nutrient-rich
wastewater (Hettiarachchi and Ardakanian
2016). This practice of agricultural use of
wastewater after necessary treatment has many
advantages such as reduced demand for freshwater, decreased pollution of surface and
groundwater, increased soil fertility, reduced
investment in chemical fertilizer, and efficient
management of high volumes of urban wastewater. The safe use of wastewater for food production addresses the sanitation and agricultural
issues faced by peri-urban areas while addressing
also the malnutrition issue (Dasgupta et al. 2014).
This explains the role of resource recovery and
reuse through the sanitation–agriculture–public
health nexus when building urban resilience.
Acknowledgements The first author (Girija R) would
like to thank the CDD Society and Bremen Overseas
Research and Development Association (BORDA) and
International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for
providing the opportunity to present the project findings.
The authors would also like to thank the management and
project team members for their valuable inputs and suggestions on this paper. Krishi Vignyana Kendra, Dharwad, provided land holdings details of Kamalapur village,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
References
Alberta Government (2012) Occupational health and
safety bulletin: workers exposure to sewage. Alberta
Health Services
BORDA, CCD Society (2017) Scaling-up decentralized
wastewater treatment. https://cdn.nimbu.io/s/gcj6927/
channelentries/w3p3h2f/files/2.%20Edathoot%
20BORDA%20GSTIC%20scalingup%20DEWT.pdf?
eozwff7. Accessed 08 Jun 2020
Bradford A, Brook R, Hunshal CS (2003) Wastewater
irrigation in Hubli-Dharwad, India: implications for
health and livelihoods. Environ Urban 15:157–170.
https://doi.org/10.1630/095624703101286600
Carr R (2005) Who guidelines for safe wastewater use—
more than just numbers. Irrig Drain 54:S103–S111.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.190
Cardenas Reyes MA, Ali I, Lai FY, Da L, Thier R,
Rajapakse J (2016) Removal of micropollutants
through a biological wastewater treatment plant in a
subtropical climate, Queensland-Australia. J Environ
Health Sci Eng 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201016-0257-8
Chislock MF, Doster E, Zitomer RA, Wilson AE (2013)
Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and controls in
aquatic ecosystems. Nat Educ Knowl 4(4):10
Dasgupta R, Sinha D, Yumnam V (2014) Programmatic
response to malnutrition in India: room for more than
one elephant? Indian Pediatr 51:863–868. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13312-014-0518-5
Daughton CG, Thomas AT (1999) Pharmaceuticals and
personal care products in the environment: agents of
subtle change? Environ Health Perspect 107:907.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3434573
Drechsel P, Mara DD, Bartone C, Scheierling SM (2010)
Improving wastewater use in agriculture: an emerging
priority. The World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.
org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5412
Ensink JHJ, Blumenthal UJ, Brooker S (2008) Wastewater quality and the risk of intestinal nematode
infection in sewage farming families in Hyderabad,
India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79(4):561–567. https://doi.
org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.561
FAO (1997) Chapter 2—Health risks associated with
wastewater use. Rome. https://www.fao.org/docrep/
w5367e/w5367e04.htm
Fattal B, Wax Y, Davies M, Shuval HI (1986) Health
risks associated with wastewater irrigation: an epidemiological study. Am J Public Health 76:977–979.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.76.8.977
Fuhrimann S, Winkler MS, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Halage AA, Rutebemberwa E, Medlicott K, Schindler C, Utzinger J, Cissé G (2016) Risk
of intestinal parasitic infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and fecal sludge in
Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. PLOS Negl
Trop Dis 10(3):e0004469. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pntd.0004469
Halkatti M, Purushothaman S, Brook R (2016) Participatory action planning in the peri-urban interface: the
twin city experience, Hubli–Dharwad, India: environment and urbanization. https://doi.org/10.1177/
095624780301500112
HDMC Home | Hubballi-Dharwad City Corporation.
https://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en/home. Accessed 08
Jun 2020
Hettiarachchi H, Ardakanian R (eds) (2016) Safe use of
wastewater in agriculture: good practice examples.
UNU-FLORES, Dresden. https://collections.unu.edu/
view/UNU:5764
Hettiarachchi H, Ardakanian R (eds) (2018) Safe use of
wastewater in agriculture: from concept to implementation. Springer International Publishing
Sustainable and Safe Use of Wastewater …
55