In the control site survey (Freshwater irrigation), almost 25 opinion polls were collected and
the results obtained are given in Fig. 5. In this
study, results obtained from the control site were
used to estimate background effects and to
identify the potential hazards caused by the current practice of irrigation by untreated wastewater in the event site after the investigation
process. The findings of the survey conducted in
the control site showed positive opinions for
areas like cost on weed control, overall health
impact, product quality, etc. However, a few
areas like willingness to switch from freshwater
to wastewater irrigation, nutrient load and crop
yield have received negative opinions. This is
because the farmers in these areas were doing
freshwater irrigation for a long time and were not
willing to shift to wastewater irrigation. Also,
there was a reduced cost of inputs (weedicide) to
control weed menace unlike conditions in the
wastewater irrigated site. But they were also
concerned about the low yield of freshwater
grown crops compared to wastewater grown
crops.
3.2 Field Investigations
Findings from field inspections related to the
risks of wastewater usage were as follows:
• Hospital waste (syringes, gloves, PET bottles,
tablet foils, and droppers) were found in 12 of
the 16 inspected fields, so the probability of
such medical waste on the field was 75%,
hence the risk is high.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Product Quality
Shelf life of product
Wastewater quality
Nutrient load
Product yield
Pesticide usage
Weeds in excess
Cost on pest & weed control
Dermatological issues
Sewage sickness
Gastrointestinal issues
Respiratory issues
Overall health impact
Odour control
Mosquitoes and flies
Disease occurrence
Safety measures
Wastewater availability
Potable water Quality
Willingness to switch to freshwater irrigation
Monitoring frequency
Willingness to pay for treated WW
Awareness on treated WW
Economic loss- health cost
Soil Quality
Ground water quality
Income through WW irrigation
Event Site
No. of positive opinions
No. of negative opinions
Fig. 4 Graphical
representation of opinion poll
result at the wastewaterirrigated event site,
Govankoppa
Sustainable and Safe Use of Wastewater …
47
the results obtained are given in Fig. 5. In this
study, results obtained from the control site were
used to estimate background effects and to
identify the potential hazards caused by the current practice of irrigation by untreated wastewater in the event site after the investigation
process. The findings of the survey conducted in
the control site showed positive opinions for
areas like cost on weed control, overall health
impact, product quality, etc. However, a few
areas like willingness to switch from freshwater
to wastewater irrigation, nutrient load and crop
yield have received negative opinions. This is
because the farmers in these areas were doing
freshwater irrigation for a long time and were not
willing to shift to wastewater irrigation. Also,
there was a reduced cost of inputs (weedicide) to
control weed menace unlike conditions in the
wastewater irrigated site. But they were also
concerned about the low yield of freshwater
grown crops compared to wastewater grown
crops.
3.2 Field Investigations
Findings from field inspections related to the
risks of wastewater usage were as follows:
• Hospital waste (syringes, gloves, PET bottles,
tablet foils, and droppers) were found in 12 of
the 16 inspected fields, so the probability of
such medical waste on the field was 75%,
hence the risk is high.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Product Quality
Shelf life of product
Wastewater quality
Nutrient load
Product yield
Pesticide usage
Weeds in excess
Cost on pest & weed control
Dermatological issues
Sewage sickness
Gastrointestinal issues
Respiratory issues
Overall health impact
Odour control
Mosquitoes and flies
Disease occurrence
Safety measures
Wastewater availability
Potable water Quality
Willingness to switch to freshwater irrigation
Monitoring frequency
Willingness to pay for treated WW
Awareness on treated WW
Economic loss- health cost
Soil Quality
Ground water quality
Income through WW irrigation
Event Site
No. of positive opinions
No. of negative opinions
Fig. 4 Graphical
representation of opinion poll
result at the wastewaterirrigated event site,
Govankoppa
Sustainable and Safe Use of Wastewater …
47