Treatment of Industrial Alkaline Solid
Wastes Using Carbon Dioxide
Maisa El Gamal, Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed, and Suhaib Hameedi
Abstract
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is an effective
method of reducing CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere.
In this study, improved mineral carbonation is evaluated
as a potential for CCS, where CO 2 is sequestered in a
permanent stable carbonated form. Raw materials were
selected from the UAE industrial residues like
steel-making, cement and acetylene production because
they have calcium-rich content as calcium oxide and/or
calcium silicate, which have the potential to store CO 2 in
the form of permanently stable carbonate minerals. The
solid particles were pre-treated, then subjected to direct
gas–solid carbonation reaction. Gas analyzer was
installed at the output stream of the testing unit to
measure the concentration of unreacted CO 2 consequently, and calculate CO 2 captured by the difference
between the initial and final concentration. The carbonated products were characterized using pH, conductivity,
TDS, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning
electron microscope (SEM) to determine the overall
sequestration capacity and efficiency of these waste
materials for CCS. Based on the total calcium content,
the calculated sequestration of CO 2 was: 0.27 kg CO 2 /
kg-ladle furnace (LF) slag, 0.72 kg CO 2 /kg cement kiln
dust (CKD) and 0.58 kg CO 2 /kg carbide lime waste
(CLW).
Keywords
Mineral carbonation Á Carbon capture and storage Á
Product thermal Á Chemical stability
1 Introduction
Global warming is the resultant effect of climate change
caused by abnormal out-of-managing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Therefore, serious
attention has been taken by governments, organizations and
industrial partners worldwide. CO 2 has the major contribution to these GHGs, and so it took the most studies and
concerns. CO 2 puts us at the greatest risk of irreversible
changes if it continues to accumulate unabated in the
atmosphere (Davison 2007; Ganopolski et al. 2016). Carbon
capture and storage is one noticeable way to minimize
emissions of CO 2 gas, the major contributing source of
GHGs (Benson and Orr 2008; Huijgen and Comans 2005).
CO 2 mineralization can be accomplished via accelerated
carbonation. It has been proven that accelerated carbonation
process is thermodynamically practical to enhance the natural weathering (Herzog and Golomb 2004; Lackner et al.
1995). In this process, gaseous CO 2 can be mineralized as a
thermodynamically stable precipitate, thereby being rarely
released after mineralization. CO 2 mineralization via accelerated carbonation can be categorized into three main processes: (a) direct carbonation, which is associated with
production of green concretes/cements such as supplementary cementitious materials, (b) indirect carbonation, which
is related to the production of high value-added chemicals,
such as precipitated calcium carbonates and (c) carbonation
curing for concrete block and/or cement mortar to enhance
their strength and durability.
Mineral carbonation has been known as reasonable
method of carbon capture and storage through geochemical
stability and safe storage of mineral carbonates avoiding the
need for costly gas separation (Lackner et al. 1995; Olajire
2013). Alkaline waste materials can be used for carbonation
due to the presence of alkaline oxides, hydroxides or silicates in their composition (Huijgen et al. 2005). The mineral
carbonation of alkaline wastes involves the reaction of
M. El Gamal (&) Á A.-M. Mohamed Á S. Hameedi
Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
e-mail: Maisa.elgamal@zu.ac.ae
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Mateev and J. Nightingale (eds.), Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility—Volume 1,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32922-8_31
317
Wastes Using Carbon Dioxide
Maisa El Gamal, Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed, and Suhaib Hameedi
Abstract
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is an effective
method of reducing CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere.
In this study, improved mineral carbonation is evaluated
as a potential for CCS, where CO 2 is sequestered in a
permanent stable carbonated form. Raw materials were
selected from the UAE industrial residues like
steel-making, cement and acetylene production because
they have calcium-rich content as calcium oxide and/or
calcium silicate, which have the potential to store CO 2 in
the form of permanently stable carbonate minerals. The
solid particles were pre-treated, then subjected to direct
gas–solid carbonation reaction. Gas analyzer was
installed at the output stream of the testing unit to
measure the concentration of unreacted CO 2 consequently, and calculate CO 2 captured by the difference
between the initial and final concentration. The carbonated products were characterized using pH, conductivity,
TDS, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning
electron microscope (SEM) to determine the overall
sequestration capacity and efficiency of these waste
materials for CCS. Based on the total calcium content,
the calculated sequestration of CO 2 was: 0.27 kg CO 2 /
kg-ladle furnace (LF) slag, 0.72 kg CO 2 /kg cement kiln
dust (CKD) and 0.58 kg CO 2 /kg carbide lime waste
(CLW).
Keywords
Mineral carbonation Á Carbon capture and storage Á
Product thermal Á Chemical stability
1 Introduction
Global warming is the resultant effect of climate change
caused by abnormal out-of-managing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Therefore, serious
attention has been taken by governments, organizations and
industrial partners worldwide. CO 2 has the major contribution to these GHGs, and so it took the most studies and
concerns. CO 2 puts us at the greatest risk of irreversible
changes if it continues to accumulate unabated in the
atmosphere (Davison 2007; Ganopolski et al. 2016). Carbon
capture and storage is one noticeable way to minimize
emissions of CO 2 gas, the major contributing source of
GHGs (Benson and Orr 2008; Huijgen and Comans 2005).
CO 2 mineralization can be accomplished via accelerated
carbonation. It has been proven that accelerated carbonation
process is thermodynamically practical to enhance the natural weathering (Herzog and Golomb 2004; Lackner et al.
1995). In this process, gaseous CO 2 can be mineralized as a
thermodynamically stable precipitate, thereby being rarely
released after mineralization. CO 2 mineralization via accelerated carbonation can be categorized into three main processes: (a) direct carbonation, which is associated with
production of green concretes/cements such as supplementary cementitious materials, (b) indirect carbonation, which
is related to the production of high value-added chemicals,
such as precipitated calcium carbonates and (c) carbonation
curing for concrete block and/or cement mortar to enhance
their strength and durability.
Mineral carbonation has been known as reasonable
method of carbon capture and storage through geochemical
stability and safe storage of mineral carbonates avoiding the
need for costly gas separation (Lackner et al. 1995; Olajire
2013). Alkaline waste materials can be used for carbonation
due to the presence of alkaline oxides, hydroxides or silicates in their composition (Huijgen et al. 2005). The mineral
carbonation of alkaline wastes involves the reaction of
M. El Gamal (&) Á A.-M. Mohamed Á S. Hameedi
Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
e-mail: Maisa.elgamal@zu.ac.ae
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Mateev and J. Nightingale (eds.), Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility—Volume 1,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32922-8_31
317