34
3 A Conventional Experimental Technique …
Table 3.1
(continued)
First author (completion time),
and his/her research institute
Type of raindrop generator
Rainfall intensity
(mm/min)
Fall height (m) Characteristics
Adams (2006), University of
Massachusetts, USA
Multiple upward-spraying
nozzles
0.6
5.0
The large simulator had 13 rainfall stands and the
total application area of 1050 m 2
, and it was easy
to be used in field experiments
Clarke (2007), Cranfield
University, UK
Downward pointing spout
3.3
1.4
Water drops were formed equally from each hole
which equally spaced over the droplet box and a
wire mesh was suspended below the drop-formers
to vary the landing position of drops. It was easy
to be used in the small-scale field research
Aksoy (2012), Istanbul
Technical University, Turkey
Multiple downward-spraying
nozzles
0.8–1.8
2.4
The simulator’s compact structure fit a laboratory
room. Its construction was simple and
inexpensive. It could be operated by one person
while additional persons were needed during
runoff collection
Wildhaber (2012), University
of Basel, Switzerland
Single downward-spraying
nozzle
1.0
1.0–1.5
The simulator was a light weight, easy to handle
irrigator and thus suitable for difficult to access
alpine regions with low infrastructure, steep
slopes and uneven terrain
Salem (2014), Polytechnic
University of Madrid, Spain
Multiple sideward-spraying
nozzles
0.6–1.9
2.3
The simulator was an auto-controlled laboratory
rainfall simulator that could obtain variable
rainfall intensities with drop sizes similar to
natural rain
Lora (2016), University of
Padua, Italy
Multiple sideward-spraying
nozzles
0.8–2.5
3.7
Limited impact energy on the soil in order to
avoid surface erosion. A flexible manageability of
the simulator
(continued)
3 A Conventional Experimental Technique …
Table 3.1
(continued)
First author (completion time),
and his/her research institute
Type of raindrop generator
Rainfall intensity
(mm/min)
Fall height (m) Characteristics
Adams (2006), University of
Massachusetts, USA
Multiple upward-spraying
nozzles
0.6
5.0
The large simulator had 13 rainfall stands and the
total application area of 1050 m 2
, and it was easy
to be used in field experiments
Clarke (2007), Cranfield
University, UK
Downward pointing spout
3.3
1.4
Water drops were formed equally from each hole
which equally spaced over the droplet box and a
wire mesh was suspended below the drop-formers
to vary the landing position of drops. It was easy
to be used in the small-scale field research
Aksoy (2012), Istanbul
Technical University, Turkey
Multiple downward-spraying
nozzles
0.8–1.8
2.4
The simulator’s compact structure fit a laboratory
room. Its construction was simple and
inexpensive. It could be operated by one person
while additional persons were needed during
runoff collection
Wildhaber (2012), University
of Basel, Switzerland
Single downward-spraying
nozzle
1.0
1.0–1.5
The simulator was a light weight, easy to handle
irrigator and thus suitable for difficult to access
alpine regions with low infrastructure, steep
slopes and uneven terrain
Salem (2014), Polytechnic
University of Madrid, Spain
Multiple sideward-spraying
nozzles
0.6–1.9
2.3
The simulator was an auto-controlled laboratory
rainfall simulator that could obtain variable
rainfall intensities with drop sizes similar to
natural rain
Lora (2016), University of
Padua, Italy
Multiple sideward-spraying
nozzles
0.8–2.5
3.7
Limited impact energy on the soil in order to
avoid surface erosion. A flexible manageability of
the simulator
(continued)