Vol.:(0123456789)
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
Research Article
• Very high-value area (evaluation ≥ 20): Eastern sector
(Cap Carbon and Arzew)
• High value area (rating ≥ 10): Central area (Pont aux
Poles) + Eastern area of Kristel
• Medium value area (evaluation < 10): West of Kristel + East Cap d’Ivi towards Mostaganem
These areas have significant ecological and conservation value (including their species and habitats.
The map in Fig. 6 represents the balance of the 3 coastal
sensitivity maps (physical, socio-economic, and biological). It allows the classification of certain areas resistant
to protection and essential areas such as the Kristel Cap
Carbon area of implementation of artificial reefs, Pont aux
poules, and the wetland of Mecta, which has importance
established under the Ramsar Convention 2001. These
areas are environmentally important and can be affected
by oil slicks.
Prior data gathering is used to identify the right cleanup technique(s) to respond to an oil spill (on water or
shoreline). It entails locating and mapping sensitive sites,
habitats, and wildlife populations so that response teams
can access professional, scientific assistance during an
incident. In the case of a spill, this information and the
vulnerability maps are made available to response teams
for effective decision-making and speedy deployment.
2.2 Modeling system
In the event of an oil spill in the aquatic environment,
knowledge of the oil slicks’ trajectory is essential to organize the recovery of the oil and protect the areas exposed to
the risk of pollution [40]. The development of oil slick drift
models in continental waters and at sea is motivated by
the frequency of pollution and the harmful impact on the
environment. Numerical models make it possible to study
the impact of various possible scenarios and thus estimate
the environmental sensitivity of a coastal maritime area
even before such accidents occur [8].
The ability to rapidly predict oil spill trajectories in
real-time on a global scale [31] was achieved through the
integration of oil spill modeling tools with hydrodynamic
and meteorological data sets [22] obtained from Arzew
weather stations based on MODIS satellite images (2013
to 2022) [10] and also from in situ measurements made
during sea trips (2013 and 2018). Access to data allows
for timely probabilistic analysis of spills. For all other spill
information, the ADIOS model [37] was used; this is the
NOAA oil weathering model. It quickly estimates and
models spilled oil characteristics and expected behaviors
such as evaporation, dispersion in the water column, and
changes in oil density and a viscosity [34].
2.2.1 Description of the two‑ modeling models
WebGNOME is the Web-based interface to GNOME, a
publicly available model for predicting oil spill trajectory
and fate that simulates oil movement and weathering
due to winds and currents. The NOAA Office of Response
and Restoration (OR&R) Emergency Response Division
created GNOME for oil spill response [61, 48]. NOAA’s oil
weathering model is ADIOS (Automated Data Inquiry for
Oil Spills). It is an oil spill response tool that simulates how
various types of oil weather (change physical and chemical
properties) in the marine environment. ADIOS quickly estimates spilled oil’s expected characteristics and behavior
using a database of over a thousand crude oils and refined
products.
The forecasting tool webGNOME was used to investigate the processes influencing the fate and distribution
of marine pollution, particularly oil slick drift. It was also
tested against many oil spill observations [8, 51]. It is an
interactive environmental simulation system for rapidly
modeling pollutant trajectories in the marine environment and a planning tool for examining hypothetical
scenarios. This model is based on a Langrangian discrete
element and can simulate the behavior of an oil spill [8].
WebGNOME has been utilized by emergency responders
on behalf of industry, government, and groups to track oil
spills, chemical spills, marine debris, and other incidents.
They are intended to be a versatile trajectory model that
specialists and the general public may use to guide cleanup activities and preventative measures [17].
2.2.2 Case study: simulation of a slick oil drift in the Gulf
of Arzew
Dots represent the spilled oil on the map, called spots for
the simulation. webGNOME includes uncertainly in particle transport. Each element integrated into webGNOME,
i.e., wind, currents, pollutants, its drift, and evaporation,
was treated with specific mathematical equations:
Drifters: Calculating zonal, meridional, and vertical displacement by moving pollutants.
where, U is the speed of currents and winds (east–west); V
is the speed of currents and winds (North–South); Y is the
latitude in radians; Δy, Δx are the two-dimensional movements in latitude and longitude of currents and winds;
(1)
Δx =
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝
U
111,1200024
× Δt
cos(y)
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
× Δt;
Δy =
�
V
111, 12000024
�
× Δt; Δz = 0
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
Research Article
• Very high-value area (evaluation ≥ 20): Eastern sector
(Cap Carbon and Arzew)
• High value area (rating ≥ 10): Central area (Pont aux
Poles) + Eastern area of Kristel
• Medium value area (evaluation < 10): West of Kristel + East Cap d’Ivi towards Mostaganem
These areas have significant ecological and conservation value (including their species and habitats.
The map in Fig. 6 represents the balance of the 3 coastal
sensitivity maps (physical, socio-economic, and biological). It allows the classification of certain areas resistant
to protection and essential areas such as the Kristel Cap
Carbon area of implementation of artificial reefs, Pont aux
poules, and the wetland of Mecta, which has importance
established under the Ramsar Convention 2001. These
areas are environmentally important and can be affected
by oil slicks.
Prior data gathering is used to identify the right cleanup technique(s) to respond to an oil spill (on water or
shoreline). It entails locating and mapping sensitive sites,
habitats, and wildlife populations so that response teams
can access professional, scientific assistance during an
incident. In the case of a spill, this information and the
vulnerability maps are made available to response teams
for effective decision-making and speedy deployment.
2.2 Modeling system
In the event of an oil spill in the aquatic environment,
knowledge of the oil slicks’ trajectory is essential to organize the recovery of the oil and protect the areas exposed to
the risk of pollution [40]. The development of oil slick drift
models in continental waters and at sea is motivated by
the frequency of pollution and the harmful impact on the
environment. Numerical models make it possible to study
the impact of various possible scenarios and thus estimate
the environmental sensitivity of a coastal maritime area
even before such accidents occur [8].
The ability to rapidly predict oil spill trajectories in
real-time on a global scale [31] was achieved through the
integration of oil spill modeling tools with hydrodynamic
and meteorological data sets [22] obtained from Arzew
weather stations based on MODIS satellite images (2013
to 2022) [10] and also from in situ measurements made
during sea trips (2013 and 2018). Access to data allows
for timely probabilistic analysis of spills. For all other spill
information, the ADIOS model [37] was used; this is the
NOAA oil weathering model. It quickly estimates and
models spilled oil characteristics and expected behaviors
such as evaporation, dispersion in the water column, and
changes in oil density and a viscosity [34].
2.2.1 Description of the two‑ modeling models
WebGNOME is the Web-based interface to GNOME, a
publicly available model for predicting oil spill trajectory
and fate that simulates oil movement and weathering
due to winds and currents. The NOAA Office of Response
and Restoration (OR&R) Emergency Response Division
created GNOME for oil spill response [61, 48]. NOAA’s oil
weathering model is ADIOS (Automated Data Inquiry for
Oil Spills). It is an oil spill response tool that simulates how
various types of oil weather (change physical and chemical
properties) in the marine environment. ADIOS quickly estimates spilled oil’s expected characteristics and behavior
using a database of over a thousand crude oils and refined
products.
The forecasting tool webGNOME was used to investigate the processes influencing the fate and distribution
of marine pollution, particularly oil slick drift. It was also
tested against many oil spill observations [8, 51]. It is an
interactive environmental simulation system for rapidly
modeling pollutant trajectories in the marine environment and a planning tool for examining hypothetical
scenarios. This model is based on a Langrangian discrete
element and can simulate the behavior of an oil spill [8].
WebGNOME has been utilized by emergency responders
on behalf of industry, government, and groups to track oil
spills, chemical spills, marine debris, and other incidents.
They are intended to be a versatile trajectory model that
specialists and the general public may use to guide cleanup activities and preventative measures [17].
2.2.2 Case study: simulation of a slick oil drift in the Gulf
of Arzew
Dots represent the spilled oil on the map, called spots for
the simulation. webGNOME includes uncertainly in particle transport. Each element integrated into webGNOME,
i.e., wind, currents, pollutants, its drift, and evaporation,
was treated with specific mathematical equations:
Drifters: Calculating zonal, meridional, and vertical displacement by moving pollutants.
where, U is the speed of currents and winds (east–west); V
is the speed of currents and winds (North–South); Y is the
latitude in radians; Δy, Δx are the two-dimensional movements in latitude and longitude of currents and winds;
(1)
Δx =
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝
U
111,1200024
× Δt
cos(y)
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
× Δt;
Δy =
�
V
111, 12000024
�
× Δt; Δz = 0