254
M. Yusuf
18. Holleman A, Wiberg N (1985) “XV 2.1.3”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (33rd edn).
de Gruyter (ed.). ISBN 3-11-012641-9
19. Weil ED, Levchik SV (2017) Phosphorus flame retardants. Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol
2:1–34
20. Granzow A (1978) Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds. Acc Chem Res 11:177–183
21. Peters EN (1979) Flame-retardant thermoplastics. I. Polyethylene–red phosphorus. J Appl
Polym Sci 24(6):1457–1464
22. Yeh JT, Hsieh SH, Cheng YC, Yang MJ, Chen KN (1998) Combustion and smoke emission
properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) filled with phosphorous and metallic oxides. Polym
Degrad Stab 61(3):399–407
23. Levchik GF, Vorobyova SA, Gorbarenko VV, Levchik SV, Weil ED (2000) Some mechanistic
aspects of the fire retardant action of red phosphorus in aliphatic nylons. J Fire Sci 18(3):172–
182
24. Levchik SV, Weil ED (2000) Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym Int
49(10):1033–1073
25. Wang Z, Qu B, Fan W, Huang P (2001) Combustion characteristics of halogen-free flameretarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists. J Appl Polym
Sci 81(1):206–214
26. Liu Y, Wang Q (2006) Preparation of microencapsulated red phosphorus through melamine
cyanurate self-assembly and its performance in flame retardant polyamide 6. Polym Eng Sci
46(11):1548–1553
27. Wu Q, Lü J, Qu B (2003) Preparation and characterization of microcapsulated red phosphorus and its flame-retardant mechanism in halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins. Polym Int
52(8):1326–1331
28. Xie R, Qu B (2001) Thermo-oxidative degradation behaviors of expandable graphite-based
intumescent halogen-free flame retardant LLDPE blends. Polym Degrad Stab 71(3):395–402
29. Tan Y, Shao ZB, Yu LX, Long JW, Qi M, Chen L, Wang YZ (2016) Piperazine-modified
ammonium polyphosphate as monocomponent flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin: flame
retardance, curing behavior and mechanical property. Polym Chem 7(17):3003–3012
30. Pantelaki I, Voutsa D (2019) Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): a review on analytical
methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 649:247–
263
31. Salmeia K, Gaan S, Malucelli G (2016) Recent advances for flame retardancy of textiles based
on phosphorus chemistry. Polym 8(9):319
32. Keglevich G, Grün A, Bálint E, Kiss NZ, Bagi P, T˝ oke L (2017) Green chemical syntheses and
applications within organophosphorus chemistry. Struct Chem 28(2):431–443
33. Camino G, Costa L (1988) Performance and mechanisms of fire retardants in polymers-a
review. Polym Degrad Stab 20(3–4):271–294
34. Wendels S, Chavez T, Bonnet M, Salmeia K, Gaan S (2017) Recent developments in
organophosphorus flame retardants containing P–C bond and their applications. Materials
10(7):784(1–32)
35. Gupta RC (2006) Classification and uses of organophosphates and carbamates. In: Gupta RC
(ed) Toxicology of organophosphate and carbamate compounds. Academic Press, Burlington,
pp 5–24
36. AbouDonia M, Abou-Donia MB, Salama M, Elgamal M, Elkholi I, Wang Q (2016)
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFR): neurotoxicity. J Environ Health Sci 2(1). https://
doi.org/10.15436/2378-6841.16.022
37. Benin V, Gardelle B, Morgan AB (2014) Heat release of polyurethanes containing potential
flame retardants based on boron and phosphorus chemistries. Polym Degrad Stab 106:108–121
38. Dumitrascu A, Howell BA (2011) Flame-retarding vinyl polymers using phosphorusfunctionalized styrene monomers. Polym Degrad Stab 96:342–349
39. Su WC, Sheng CS (2005) Method for preparing a biphenylphosphonate compound. U.S. Patent
20050101793
M. Yusuf
18. Holleman A, Wiberg N (1985) “XV 2.1.3”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (33rd edn).
de Gruyter (ed.). ISBN 3-11-012641-9
19. Weil ED, Levchik SV (2017) Phosphorus flame retardants. Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol
2:1–34
20. Granzow A (1978) Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds. Acc Chem Res 11:177–183
21. Peters EN (1979) Flame-retardant thermoplastics. I. Polyethylene–red phosphorus. J Appl
Polym Sci 24(6):1457–1464
22. Yeh JT, Hsieh SH, Cheng YC, Yang MJ, Chen KN (1998) Combustion and smoke emission
properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) filled with phosphorous and metallic oxides. Polym
Degrad Stab 61(3):399–407
23. Levchik GF, Vorobyova SA, Gorbarenko VV, Levchik SV, Weil ED (2000) Some mechanistic
aspects of the fire retardant action of red phosphorus in aliphatic nylons. J Fire Sci 18(3):172–
182
24. Levchik SV, Weil ED (2000) Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym Int
49(10):1033–1073
25. Wang Z, Qu B, Fan W, Huang P (2001) Combustion characteristics of halogen-free flameretarded polyethylene containing magnesium hydroxide and some synergists. J Appl Polym
Sci 81(1):206–214
26. Liu Y, Wang Q (2006) Preparation of microencapsulated red phosphorus through melamine
cyanurate self-assembly and its performance in flame retardant polyamide 6. Polym Eng Sci
46(11):1548–1553
27. Wu Q, Lü J, Qu B (2003) Preparation and characterization of microcapsulated red phosphorus and its flame-retardant mechanism in halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins. Polym Int
52(8):1326–1331
28. Xie R, Qu B (2001) Thermo-oxidative degradation behaviors of expandable graphite-based
intumescent halogen-free flame retardant LLDPE blends. Polym Degrad Stab 71(3):395–402
29. Tan Y, Shao ZB, Yu LX, Long JW, Qi M, Chen L, Wang YZ (2016) Piperazine-modified
ammonium polyphosphate as monocomponent flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin: flame
retardance, curing behavior and mechanical property. Polym Chem 7(17):3003–3012
30. Pantelaki I, Voutsa D (2019) Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): a review on analytical
methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 649:247–
263
31. Salmeia K, Gaan S, Malucelli G (2016) Recent advances for flame retardancy of textiles based
on phosphorus chemistry. Polym 8(9):319
32. Keglevich G, Grün A, Bálint E, Kiss NZ, Bagi P, T˝ oke L (2017) Green chemical syntheses and
applications within organophosphorus chemistry. Struct Chem 28(2):431–443
33. Camino G, Costa L (1988) Performance and mechanisms of fire retardants in polymers-a
review. Polym Degrad Stab 20(3–4):271–294
34. Wendels S, Chavez T, Bonnet M, Salmeia K, Gaan S (2017) Recent developments in
organophosphorus flame retardants containing P–C bond and their applications. Materials
10(7):784(1–32)
35. Gupta RC (2006) Classification and uses of organophosphates and carbamates. In: Gupta RC
(ed) Toxicology of organophosphate and carbamate compounds. Academic Press, Burlington,
pp 5–24
36. AbouDonia M, Abou-Donia MB, Salama M, Elgamal M, Elkholi I, Wang Q (2016)
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFR): neurotoxicity. J Environ Health Sci 2(1). https://
doi.org/10.15436/2378-6841.16.022
37. Benin V, Gardelle B, Morgan AB (2014) Heat release of polyurethanes containing potential
flame retardants based on boron and phosphorus chemistries. Polym Degrad Stab 106:108–121
38. Dumitrascu A, Howell BA (2011) Flame-retarding vinyl polymers using phosphorusfunctionalized styrene monomers. Polym Degrad Stab 96:342–349
39. Su WC, Sheng CS (2005) Method for preparing a biphenylphosphonate compound. U.S. Patent
20050101793