Insights into Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants …
253
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants (OPFRs) is a worthy goal for controlling household fires, on one hand, the other hand, it is also important to control or prevent
their toxic effects. Based on carbon unit/moiety OPFRs can be broadly categorized into five main classes; organophosphates, organophosphonates, organophosphinites, organoposphine oxide, and organophosphites. A vast variety of P–C bond
containing efficient FRs are being developed; however, further R&D works are
needed in terms of their economical, renewability and green synthetic pathways,
environmental impacts, long term durability, acute and chronic toxicity etc. without
a loss of valuable properties at laboratory as well as their possible larger exploration.
References
1. Horrocks AR (2011) Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: new chemistry versus
innovatory solutions. Polym Degrad Stab 96:377–392
2. Horrocks AR (1986) Flame-retardant finishing of textiles. Rev Prog Color Relat Top 16(1):62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1986.tb03745.x
3. Liu W, Chen L, Wang YZ (2012) A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant for the
formaldehyde-free treatment of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stabi 97(12):2487–2491
4. Gaan S, Salimova V, Rupper P, Ritter A, Schmid H (2011) Flame retardant functional textiles.
In: Pan N, Sun G (eds) Functional textiles for improved performance, protection and health.
Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 98–130
5. Bocchini S, Camino G (2010) Chapter 4 halogen-containing flame retardants. In: Wilkie CA,
Morgan AB (eds) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials, 2 edn. CRC Press, Florida, USA
6. Lu SY, Hamerton I (2002) Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant
polymers. Prog Polym Sci 27(8):1661–1712
7. Yusuf M (2018) A review on flame retardant textile finishing: current and future trends. Curr
Smart Mater 3(2):99–108
8. Söderström G, Marklund S (2002) PBCDD and PBCDF from incineration of waste-containing
brominated flame retardants. Environ Sci Technol 36(9):1959–1964
9. de Wit CA (2002) An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 46(5):583–624
10. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_en.htm. Retrieved on 20 Sept 2019
11. Shaw S (2010) Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks? Rev
Environ Health 25(4):261–306
12. Ülker OC, Ulker O (2019) Toxicity of formaldehyde, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
and phthalates in engineered wood products (EWPs) from the perspective of the green approach
to materials: a review. BioResour 14(3):7465–7493
13. Castellano A, Colleoni C, Iacono G, Mezzi A, Plutino MR, Malucelli G, Rosace G (2019)
Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorous/nitrogen based sol-gel coating as a novel
halogen-and formaldehyde-free flame retardant finishing for cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab
162:148–159
14. Wang Y, Su Q, Wang H, Zhao X, Liang S (2019) Molded environment-friendly flame-retardant
foaming material with high strength based on corn starch modified by crosslinking and grafting.
J Appl Polym Sci 136(11):47193
15. Hull TR, Law RJ, Bergman Å (2014) Environmental drivers for replacement of halogenated
flame retardants. In: Papaspyrides CD, Kiliaris P (eds) Polymer green flame retardants. Elsevier,
Oxford, UK, pp 119–179
16. Green J (1992) A review of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. J Fire Sci 10(6):470–487
17. Morgan AB, Gilman JW (2013) An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials:
application, technology, and future directions. Fire Mat 37(4):259–279
253
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants (OPFRs) is a worthy goal for controlling household fires, on one hand, the other hand, it is also important to control or prevent
their toxic effects. Based on carbon unit/moiety OPFRs can be broadly categorized into five main classes; organophosphates, organophosphonates, organophosphinites, organoposphine oxide, and organophosphites. A vast variety of P–C bond
containing efficient FRs are being developed; however, further R&D works are
needed in terms of their economical, renewability and green synthetic pathways,
environmental impacts, long term durability, acute and chronic toxicity etc. without
a loss of valuable properties at laboratory as well as their possible larger exploration.
References
1. Horrocks AR (2011) Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: new chemistry versus
innovatory solutions. Polym Degrad Stab 96:377–392
2. Horrocks AR (1986) Flame-retardant finishing of textiles. Rev Prog Color Relat Top 16(1):62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1986.tb03745.x
3. Liu W, Chen L, Wang YZ (2012) A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant for the
formaldehyde-free treatment of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stabi 97(12):2487–2491
4. Gaan S, Salimova V, Rupper P, Ritter A, Schmid H (2011) Flame retardant functional textiles.
In: Pan N, Sun G (eds) Functional textiles for improved performance, protection and health.
Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 98–130
5. Bocchini S, Camino G (2010) Chapter 4 halogen-containing flame retardants. In: Wilkie CA,
Morgan AB (eds) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials, 2 edn. CRC Press, Florida, USA
6. Lu SY, Hamerton I (2002) Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant
polymers. Prog Polym Sci 27(8):1661–1712
7. Yusuf M (2018) A review on flame retardant textile finishing: current and future trends. Curr
Smart Mater 3(2):99–108
8. Söderström G, Marklund S (2002) PBCDD and PBCDF from incineration of waste-containing
brominated flame retardants. Environ Sci Technol 36(9):1959–1964
9. de Wit CA (2002) An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 46(5):583–624
10. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_en.htm. Retrieved on 20 Sept 2019
11. Shaw S (2010) Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks? Rev
Environ Health 25(4):261–306
12. Ülker OC, Ulker O (2019) Toxicity of formaldehyde, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
and phthalates in engineered wood products (EWPs) from the perspective of the green approach
to materials: a review. BioResour 14(3):7465–7493
13. Castellano A, Colleoni C, Iacono G, Mezzi A, Plutino MR, Malucelli G, Rosace G (2019)
Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorous/nitrogen based sol-gel coating as a novel
halogen-and formaldehyde-free flame retardant finishing for cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab
162:148–159
14. Wang Y, Su Q, Wang H, Zhao X, Liang S (2019) Molded environment-friendly flame-retardant
foaming material with high strength based on corn starch modified by crosslinking and grafting.
J Appl Polym Sci 136(11):47193
15. Hull TR, Law RJ, Bergman Å (2014) Environmental drivers for replacement of halogenated
flame retardants. In: Papaspyrides CD, Kiliaris P (eds) Polymer green flame retardants. Elsevier,
Oxford, UK, pp 119–179
16. Green J (1992) A review of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. J Fire Sci 10(6):470–487
17. Morgan AB, Gilman JW (2013) An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials:
application, technology, and future directions. Fire Mat 37(4):259–279