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M. Yusuf
with the O-6 hydroxyls of glucose residues of cellulose. The resulted hybrid FR containing both P and N-moieties exhibited excellent flame retardant performance for
cotton fabrics (70 g/L hybrid FR with limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 36.0%)
which remained relatively stable after 50 laundering cycles (70 g/L hybrid FR with
LOI value 28.0%).
Some particular proteins such as phosphorus and sulphur-rich proteins (i.e. caseins
and hydrophobins) derived from animal or microbial sources have been under investigations as a novel as well as green flame retardants for cotton fabrics. Alongi et al.
[51] investigated caseins and hydrophobins as a novel and green flame retardants for
cotton fabrics [51]. As a consequence, P-based-polymer matrix was achieved with
improved flame retardancy, indicated by the increased total burning time as well as
by the decreased total burning rate. In this study, the change in the flammability
features of the fabric, favouring the dehydration of cellulose to form char as opposed
to the depolymerization with further production of combustible volatile species were
observed. The familiar results have been observed by the same research group when
whey proteins were employed that homogeneously deposited on cotton fabric to
impart FR properties, using the layer-by-layer technique [52].
In addition, bio-derived phytic acid exhibits the great potential to improve the
flame retardancy of textile materials, but with low washing durability. To overcome
the poor durability, Cheng et al. [53] investigated a reactive, efficient P-containing
flame retardant using phytic acid, pentaerythritol and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic
acid [53]. The wool fabric treated with HPPHBTCA 0.14 mol/L HPPHBTCA had
self-extinguishing performance even after 20 washing cycles during the vertical burning test, presenting good FR ability and resistance to washing with slight negligible
effect on the whiteness, tensile strength and handle of wool fabric.
Therefore, phosphorus-containing compounds offer a novel route to prepare socalled green, eco-friendly and durable flame retardants for textiles or textile-based
materials that inhibit or resist the spread of fire.
3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Flame retardants have been added to the polymer systems to prevent the risk of fire
and overall the use of FRs has substantially decreased the number of fires and fire
fatalities in our social wardrobe. With increased awareness towards environmental
concerns about FRs selectivity, phosphorus-based FRs provide a foundation for the
directed design of nontoxic FRs mainly because of its versatility, for example, it can
act in both the condensed and gas phase, as an additive or as a reactive component,
in various oxidization states, and in synergy with numerous adjuvant elements.
Various P-moieties make a valuable contribution and various combinations including elemental, inorganic salts and organophosphorus compounds. Nowadays, various products, large in numbers are commercially available based on organophosphorus compound. Although the use of a new generation of chemicals known as
M. Yusuf
with the O-6 hydroxyls of glucose residues of cellulose. The resulted hybrid FR containing both P and N-moieties exhibited excellent flame retardant performance for
cotton fabrics (70 g/L hybrid FR with limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 36.0%)
which remained relatively stable after 50 laundering cycles (70 g/L hybrid FR with
LOI value 28.0%).
Some particular proteins such as phosphorus and sulphur-rich proteins (i.e. caseins
and hydrophobins) derived from animal or microbial sources have been under investigations as a novel as well as green flame retardants for cotton fabrics. Alongi et al.
[51] investigated caseins and hydrophobins as a novel and green flame retardants for
cotton fabrics [51]. As a consequence, P-based-polymer matrix was achieved with
improved flame retardancy, indicated by the increased total burning time as well as
by the decreased total burning rate. In this study, the change in the flammability
features of the fabric, favouring the dehydration of cellulose to form char as opposed
to the depolymerization with further production of combustible volatile species were
observed. The familiar results have been observed by the same research group when
whey proteins were employed that homogeneously deposited on cotton fabric to
impart FR properties, using the layer-by-layer technique [52].
In addition, bio-derived phytic acid exhibits the great potential to improve the
flame retardancy of textile materials, but with low washing durability. To overcome
the poor durability, Cheng et al. [53] investigated a reactive, efficient P-containing
flame retardant using phytic acid, pentaerythritol and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic
acid [53]. The wool fabric treated with HPPHBTCA 0.14 mol/L HPPHBTCA had
self-extinguishing performance even after 20 washing cycles during the vertical burning test, presenting good FR ability and resistance to washing with slight negligible
effect on the whiteness, tensile strength and handle of wool fabric.
Therefore, phosphorus-containing compounds offer a novel route to prepare socalled green, eco-friendly and durable flame retardants for textiles or textile-based
materials that inhibit or resist the spread of fire.
3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Flame retardants have been added to the polymer systems to prevent the risk of fire
and overall the use of FRs has substantially decreased the number of fires and fire
fatalities in our social wardrobe. With increased awareness towards environmental
concerns about FRs selectivity, phosphorus-based FRs provide a foundation for the
directed design of nontoxic FRs mainly because of its versatility, for example, it can
act in both the condensed and gas phase, as an additive or as a reactive component,
in various oxidization states, and in synergy with numerous adjuvant elements.
Various P-moieties make a valuable contribution and various combinations including elemental, inorganic salts and organophosphorus compounds. Nowadays, various products, large in numbers are commercially available based on organophosphorus compound. Although the use of a new generation of chemicals known as