182
P. Madiwale et al.
scaffolds since cellulose is not degradable in human and thus cannot form temporary
scaffolds.
Viscose cellulose sponge as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering was demonstrated by Pulkkinen et al. [41]. Sponges alone and with its combination with recombinant human type II collagen cross linked inside the material were found to be
biocompatible and successfully showed potential cell proliferation could be achievable. Functionalisation of cellulose is also taken up by many researchers for improving the applicability of cellulose in tissue engineering. The primary hydroxyl groups
present on the cellulose is the distinguishing factor which makes the functionalisation
possible [42].
Oxidation of the hydroxyl group to a carboxylic acid [43] could achieved assisted
with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical). Through grafting of
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride to the surface to introduce a positive charge
[44], thus cationization achieved. Hydrolysis assisted with sulphuric acid leads to
formation of sulphate half esters on derivatization a range of cellulose esters and
ethers are produced [45, 46]. Modifications of cellulose materials have in depth
have been reviewed and its major applications for purification of water, rheology
modification and drug delivery have been targeted [47, 48]. Recently its potential
use in tissue engineering has been a novel attempt.
Cellulose has a crucial advantage that it has been processed into a wide spectrum
of material. One of special ability of cellulose nano-crystals is that it could be used
to make hydro-gels and could be easily casted as nano fibre from electro spinning
technique or regenerated films such that it could be casted as porous 3D structures.
There is a its potential application in field of specific tissue culture application by
virtue of its different mechanical and physical properties [49, 50].
Cellulose materials to be used as potential tissue scaffolds can be divided into
three main categories as modifications onto cellulose when targeted as per recent
literature
6.3.1 Physical Modifications—Composites and Blends
Blending cellulose powder or dispersion or solution which another material, often a
polymer or inorganic component composite scaffolds can be prepared which results
in endurance of additional functionalities to it, such as instance introducing a charge,
altering topography, or varying the mechanical properties which resulted in a creation
of a family of cellulose based composite material [51–53].
6.3.2 Biochemical Modifications—Grafting of Bio Molecules
onto the Surface
Though cellulose based tissues scaffolds have beneficial functional properties but
its hydrophilic nature and low non-specific protein binding affinity on account of
which mammalian cell lines do not readily absorb onto cellulose surfaces. These
P. Madiwale et al.
scaffolds since cellulose is not degradable in human and thus cannot form temporary
scaffolds.
Viscose cellulose sponge as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering was demonstrated by Pulkkinen et al. [41]. Sponges alone and with its combination with recombinant human type II collagen cross linked inside the material were found to be
biocompatible and successfully showed potential cell proliferation could be achievable. Functionalisation of cellulose is also taken up by many researchers for improving the applicability of cellulose in tissue engineering. The primary hydroxyl groups
present on the cellulose is the distinguishing factor which makes the functionalisation
possible [42].
Oxidation of the hydroxyl group to a carboxylic acid [43] could achieved assisted
with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical). Through grafting of
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride to the surface to introduce a positive charge
[44], thus cationization achieved. Hydrolysis assisted with sulphuric acid leads to
formation of sulphate half esters on derivatization a range of cellulose esters and
ethers are produced [45, 46]. Modifications of cellulose materials have in depth
have been reviewed and its major applications for purification of water, rheology
modification and drug delivery have been targeted [47, 48]. Recently its potential
use in tissue engineering has been a novel attempt.
Cellulose has a crucial advantage that it has been processed into a wide spectrum
of material. One of special ability of cellulose nano-crystals is that it could be used
to make hydro-gels and could be easily casted as nano fibre from electro spinning
technique or regenerated films such that it could be casted as porous 3D structures.
There is a its potential application in field of specific tissue culture application by
virtue of its different mechanical and physical properties [49, 50].
Cellulose materials to be used as potential tissue scaffolds can be divided into
three main categories as modifications onto cellulose when targeted as per recent
literature
6.3.1 Physical Modifications—Composites and Blends
Blending cellulose powder or dispersion or solution which another material, often a
polymer or inorganic component composite scaffolds can be prepared which results
in endurance of additional functionalities to it, such as instance introducing a charge,
altering topography, or varying the mechanical properties which resulted in a creation
of a family of cellulose based composite material [51–53].
6.3.2 Biochemical Modifications—Grafting of Bio Molecules
onto the Surface
Though cellulose based tissues scaffolds have beneficial functional properties but
its hydrophilic nature and low non-specific protein binding affinity on account of
which mammalian cell lines do not readily absorb onto cellulose surfaces. These