Advances of Textiles in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
183
severe limitations could be successfully overcome by introducing bio molecules, viz
growth factors, matrix ligands, functionalised onto the scaffold surface; FBS either
contained in the cell growth media for of initial cell adherence [54].
6.3.3 Chemical Modifications—Introducing New Functional Groups
By virtue of presence of tri-primary alcoholic group in an anhydroglucose unit make
cellulose to allow any kind of functionalization as mostly exposed at surfaces i.e.
nanocrystals nanofibrils, or sheet, thus enabling novel physic-chemical properties of
fabricated scaffolds.
On subjecting oxidation process, nano-cellulose fibrils allows easier water dispersion thus its processing ability enhancement takes place proficiently. The oxidized
cellulose along with hydroxyapatite and gelatin in the form of hydrogel has potential
application in bone tissue engineering [55]. Acidified sodium periodate assisted oxidation lead to formation of dialdehyde cellulose moieties (DAC) and on blending it
with collagen scaffold formation takes place by crosslinking and leading to 3D porous
sponge having functionalities such as dielectric behaviour suggesting that fabricated
scaffold material ideal for neural tissue engineering and has potential application in
regeneration of nervous system [56].
6.4 Polyester Based Scaffolds
As a textile professional, polyester directs the thought process towards the strong,
supple fabric which has covered almost 50% of the market of synthetic fibres. However the degradability of this material has raised high alarms for the eco-systems.
Polyester is made by condensation polymerisation of ethylene glycol and terepthalic
acid. This aromatic polyester fibre does not have biodegrading ability. The fabric sample laid in a composting environment for 3 months does not lose its structure whereas
cotton shows about 50% weight loss [57]. The application of this aromatic polyester
(containing aromatic rings) is thus limited in bio-medical field. These are used in the
form of membranes and meshes (review 2015). Due to its high strength, it has the
application in the anterior cruciate ligament as permanent implant. The Lars ligament
(Dijon, France) and Leeds-Keiow or Poly-Tape are the two commercial products that
are clinically studied by researchers throughout the globe. The health authorities of
Canada, Europe and several other countries have approved the Lars ligament which
is a second generation and non-absorbable synthetic ligament device. It has limited
to USA for certain rage of application [58]. A product specifically designed for ACL
reconstruction with stiffness of 200 N/mm that is similar to natural ACL has been
developed by collaborative research ventured by University of Leeds and the Keio
University [59]. Other than these applications, the aromatic polyester fibre used in
textiles has very limited applications in field of tissue engineering since it does not
fulfil one of the primary needs of degrading in vivo.
183
severe limitations could be successfully overcome by introducing bio molecules, viz
growth factors, matrix ligands, functionalised onto the scaffold surface; FBS either
contained in the cell growth media for of initial cell adherence [54].
6.3.3 Chemical Modifications—Introducing New Functional Groups
By virtue of presence of tri-primary alcoholic group in an anhydroglucose unit make
cellulose to allow any kind of functionalization as mostly exposed at surfaces i.e.
nanocrystals nanofibrils, or sheet, thus enabling novel physic-chemical properties of
fabricated scaffolds.
On subjecting oxidation process, nano-cellulose fibrils allows easier water dispersion thus its processing ability enhancement takes place proficiently. The oxidized
cellulose along with hydroxyapatite and gelatin in the form of hydrogel has potential
application in bone tissue engineering [55]. Acidified sodium periodate assisted oxidation lead to formation of dialdehyde cellulose moieties (DAC) and on blending it
with collagen scaffold formation takes place by crosslinking and leading to 3D porous
sponge having functionalities such as dielectric behaviour suggesting that fabricated
scaffold material ideal for neural tissue engineering and has potential application in
regeneration of nervous system [56].
6.4 Polyester Based Scaffolds
As a textile professional, polyester directs the thought process towards the strong,
supple fabric which has covered almost 50% of the market of synthetic fibres. However the degradability of this material has raised high alarms for the eco-systems.
Polyester is made by condensation polymerisation of ethylene glycol and terepthalic
acid. This aromatic polyester fibre does not have biodegrading ability. The fabric sample laid in a composting environment for 3 months does not lose its structure whereas
cotton shows about 50% weight loss [57]. The application of this aromatic polyester
(containing aromatic rings) is thus limited in bio-medical field. These are used in the
form of membranes and meshes (review 2015). Due to its high strength, it has the
application in the anterior cruciate ligament as permanent implant. The Lars ligament
(Dijon, France) and Leeds-Keiow or Poly-Tape are the two commercial products that
are clinically studied by researchers throughout the globe. The health authorities of
Canada, Europe and several other countries have approved the Lars ligament which
is a second generation and non-absorbable synthetic ligament device. It has limited
to USA for certain rage of application [58]. A product specifically designed for ACL
reconstruction with stiffness of 200 N/mm that is similar to natural ACL has been
developed by collaborative research ventured by University of Leeds and the Keio
University [59]. Other than these applications, the aromatic polyester fibre used in
textiles has very limited applications in field of tissue engineering since it does not
fulfil one of the primary needs of degrading in vivo.