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S. Sarkar et al.
of cellulase treatment in case of denim is softening of fibers, which makes the wearer
more comfortable [19].
Biostoning is a finishing technique first started long year back in 1989, first in
Europe [18]. At that time this enzyme was isolated from a fungal species namely
Trichoderma reesei, though cellulase can be collected from bacteria and protozoans
too. First isolated cellulase had shown its maximum reactivity at pH −5.0 [18].
Day by day it has been distributed through out the world as very popular finishing
technique mainly for denim. Till date, Trichoderma cellulase is favourite for trade as
because it takes shortest time of reaction [17]. As it is biological enzymatic process,
so, cellulase is used widely on surface of fabric to make denim more comfortable.
In order to make wearers’ surface smooth, enzymatic biostoning remove waxy and
starchy materials from fabric after dying. Therefore, beside making denim more
comfortable to wear, this mechanism also help to keep the colour stable [20]. Due
to satisfactory result, only in textile industry global sale of cellulase enzyme get
reached nearly $165 million within just 10 years of discovery [21]. Before this
new approach, denim polishing was done by using one mechanism widely known as
‘stone washing’. This process sometime used to create problems, which was known as
‘back staining’. Due to loosening of fibers dye molecules get redeposited in the back
surface instead of washing, which cause decolorisation. Biostoning is the process
uses the same mechanism as ‘stone washing’, which is environment friendly and
cost-effective. This is because, enzyme is eco-friendly, used in minute quantity and
can be recycled. Whereas, previously stone was used in large quantity and technique
was time consuming. Enzymatic reaction under moderate pH and temperature has
removed the problem of older stone washing technique.
In textile non-cellulasic fibers like polyester or nylon etc., are used besides cellulosic one. Cellulosic treatment on these materials make colour more vibrant, as per
example print on buttons, colorful logo on denim or other dresses etc. Biopolishing of materials other than denim is done by cellulase in pilot scale for making the
colour more promising and attracting [17]. Cellulase treatment prevents the denim
from tearing, decolourisation after washing, making them comfortable to wear and
also workplace friendly. For these advantages and wide use in denim washing many
of textile industries have made patent of cellulase isolated from different promising
species [17].
4.2 Protease in Felt-Free Woollen Fibre Processing
Wool normally gets felted and shrinked under wet condition due to the presence
of cuticle scale on woollen fibers [22]. Many chemical methods like chemical oxidation, coating of woollen fibers have been done in order to eradicate the problem
of shrinkage, but the result was not so satisfactory [23]. Other than these processes
produce environmental hazards [24]. Enzymatic treatment is an eco-friendly procedure which makes the textile product safer and comfortable to human. Protease has
important role in production of shrink proof wool. Partial hydrolysis by protease,
S. Sarkar et al.
of cellulase treatment in case of denim is softening of fibers, which makes the wearer
more comfortable [19].
Biostoning is a finishing technique first started long year back in 1989, first in
Europe [18]. At that time this enzyme was isolated from a fungal species namely
Trichoderma reesei, though cellulase can be collected from bacteria and protozoans
too. First isolated cellulase had shown its maximum reactivity at pH −5.0 [18].
Day by day it has been distributed through out the world as very popular finishing
technique mainly for denim. Till date, Trichoderma cellulase is favourite for trade as
because it takes shortest time of reaction [17]. As it is biological enzymatic process,
so, cellulase is used widely on surface of fabric to make denim more comfortable.
In order to make wearers’ surface smooth, enzymatic biostoning remove waxy and
starchy materials from fabric after dying. Therefore, beside making denim more
comfortable to wear, this mechanism also help to keep the colour stable [20]. Due
to satisfactory result, only in textile industry global sale of cellulase enzyme get
reached nearly $165 million within just 10 years of discovery [21]. Before this
new approach, denim polishing was done by using one mechanism widely known as
‘stone washing’. This process sometime used to create problems, which was known as
‘back staining’. Due to loosening of fibers dye molecules get redeposited in the back
surface instead of washing, which cause decolorisation. Biostoning is the process
uses the same mechanism as ‘stone washing’, which is environment friendly and
cost-effective. This is because, enzyme is eco-friendly, used in minute quantity and
can be recycled. Whereas, previously stone was used in large quantity and technique
was time consuming. Enzymatic reaction under moderate pH and temperature has
removed the problem of older stone washing technique.
In textile non-cellulasic fibers like polyester or nylon etc., are used besides cellulosic one. Cellulosic treatment on these materials make colour more vibrant, as per
example print on buttons, colorful logo on denim or other dresses etc. Biopolishing of materials other than denim is done by cellulase in pilot scale for making the
colour more promising and attracting [17]. Cellulase treatment prevents the denim
from tearing, decolourisation after washing, making them comfortable to wear and
also workplace friendly. For these advantages and wide use in denim washing many
of textile industries have made patent of cellulase isolated from different promising
species [17].
4.2 Protease in Felt-Free Woollen Fibre Processing
Wool normally gets felted and shrinked under wet condition due to the presence
of cuticle scale on woollen fibers [22]. Many chemical methods like chemical oxidation, coating of woollen fibers have been done in order to eradicate the problem
of shrinkage, but the result was not so satisfactory [23]. Other than these processes
produce environmental hazards [24]. Enzymatic treatment is an eco-friendly procedure which makes the textile product safer and comfortable to human. Protease has
important role in production of shrink proof wool. Partial hydrolysis by protease,