Application of Enzymes in Textile Functional Finishing
117
U.S. was failed to develop even a single successful spinner for textile manufacture
[8]. In the year of 1831, first ready-made cloth production was started on large scale
in New York City of USA.
Textile history has an important role in innovation of design on clothes. In ancient
era, basic colours were used mostly than complex colours. In fact, colour was a
fundamental part for gender bias. In archaeological era like other countries, Greek
clothes were not ornamented highly [9]. Designing on clothes is an important part of
finishing, because it makes the clothes better looking. In old age time, only geometric
figures were used for designing purpose. In recent time stars, flowers, dots, grids are
being used for designing purpose. First, Indian mill was established in fort gloster
near Calcutta in the year of 1818 [10]. First early hand held spindle followed by hand
looms and then today’s highly automated spindle along with spinning mechanism
has been evolved from time to time. Previously, fibers were extracted only from
vegetable plants but in addition with those now a days, complex synthetic fibers are
being produced. Till now, the basic mechanism of woven cotton and fibers are same
as it was in million years ago [11]. Nearly thirty years ago, the basic principle of
weaving was discovered by ancient people. The technique is known as finger weaving
and widely practiced till date. In Neolithic period (c. 9000–4000) woven fabric
was first created for household and personal uses, which is popular for millennia.
From this history, it can be well understood that weaving is the oldest finishing
technique exploded in ancient age. After that in middle age, chain sequences of
textile machineries and techniques were discovered, viz., dying, spinning, weaving,
and tailoring. Though weaving was first started in Europe, but up gradations was
introduced from China and other global entity. In India, between 1000–500 CE
spinning technique was first introduced. Later explosive advancement was occurred
through industrial revolution, which was occurred after 1774. In this era of huge
revolutionary development, different advanced machineries were developed in order
to improve the textile production [12]. Previously, all the process of looms were done
in different locations but after introduction of Robert’s power loom in the year of
1812, all phases of converting cotton into threads was done in single factory [12].
This was the result of rapid and glamorous industrial revolution which also added
huge capital for more production as in modern age (Fig. 1).
Long historic story of introduction and development of different important textile
technique supports the commercial and fashionable textile industry today. In recent
era, textile is dominating the trade of any country in addition with economic base
of that country too. From previously described history, it is well understood that
weaving, an important stage of textile procedures, is the most primordial skill which
was practiced by human.
3 Microbial-Origin Enzymes in Textile Industry
In textile industry for finishing purpose as well as in biodegradation purpose different
microbial enzymes are used in different stages. Global market of enzyme in textile
117
U.S. was failed to develop even a single successful spinner for textile manufacture
[8]. In the year of 1831, first ready-made cloth production was started on large scale
in New York City of USA.
Textile history has an important role in innovation of design on clothes. In ancient
era, basic colours were used mostly than complex colours. In fact, colour was a
fundamental part for gender bias. In archaeological era like other countries, Greek
clothes were not ornamented highly [9]. Designing on clothes is an important part of
finishing, because it makes the clothes better looking. In old age time, only geometric
figures were used for designing purpose. In recent time stars, flowers, dots, grids are
being used for designing purpose. First, Indian mill was established in fort gloster
near Calcutta in the year of 1818 [10]. First early hand held spindle followed by hand
looms and then today’s highly automated spindle along with spinning mechanism
has been evolved from time to time. Previously, fibers were extracted only from
vegetable plants but in addition with those now a days, complex synthetic fibers are
being produced. Till now, the basic mechanism of woven cotton and fibers are same
as it was in million years ago [11]. Nearly thirty years ago, the basic principle of
weaving was discovered by ancient people. The technique is known as finger weaving
and widely practiced till date. In Neolithic period (c. 9000–4000) woven fabric
was first created for household and personal uses, which is popular for millennia.
From this history, it can be well understood that weaving is the oldest finishing
technique exploded in ancient age. After that in middle age, chain sequences of
textile machineries and techniques were discovered, viz., dying, spinning, weaving,
and tailoring. Though weaving was first started in Europe, but up gradations was
introduced from China and other global entity. In India, between 1000–500 CE
spinning technique was first introduced. Later explosive advancement was occurred
through industrial revolution, which was occurred after 1774. In this era of huge
revolutionary development, different advanced machineries were developed in order
to improve the textile production [12]. Previously, all the process of looms were done
in different locations but after introduction of Robert’s power loom in the year of
1812, all phases of converting cotton into threads was done in single factory [12].
This was the result of rapid and glamorous industrial revolution which also added
huge capital for more production as in modern age (Fig. 1).
Long historic story of introduction and development of different important textile
technique supports the commercial and fashionable textile industry today. In recent
era, textile is dominating the trade of any country in addition with economic base
of that country too. From previously described history, it is well understood that
weaving, an important stage of textile procedures, is the most primordial skill which
was practiced by human.
3 Microbial-Origin Enzymes in Textile Industry
In textile industry for finishing purpose as well as in biodegradation purpose different
microbial enzymes are used in different stages. Global market of enzyme in textile