102
S. Adeel et al.
permits silico identification of useful mutations [140]. Other techniques like microfluidic platforms, ultra-high screening and automated liquid handling combining with
fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) have been successfully employed [144,
145]. Recently, the advancement in computational biology has enabled the de novo
designing of enzymes for a particular chemical reaction, novel activities for unusual
substrates and molecular dynamics [146]. Till now, numerous approaches have been
commonly applied to amend properties or even designs of enzymes, where each
strategy has some limitations [147]. Therefore, the choice of enzyme engineering
techniques should be used based on detailed knowledge of SAR (structure-function
relationship), computer algorithms and the opportunity of experimental tools [148,
149]. As the demands of enzymes to catalyze new chemical reactions are drastically
increasing, therefore, the achievement in developing beneficial proteins is largely a
matter of reliable optimization of strategies and persistent trials [150].
9 The Latest Development in the Textile Sector
by Bio-copying of Nature
Techniques for bio-copying of nature like bio-mimetics and bionics can be employed
to synthesize (i) structurally colored fibers (ii) lotus effect for self-cleaning textile
surfaces [66]. It is a fact that chemist learns significantly from nature while the
combination of chemistry and nature results in massive synergistic compensations.
Bio-copying is regularly practicing in all steps of textile processing [151, 152].
9.1 Structurally Colored Fibres
Insects particularly Morphosul-kowskyi characteristically presents diverse, clear and
bright colors whereas some species of insects show different colors by color flopping. It has been investigated that these diverse colors are not due to the presence
of any colorants instead due to the interference of reflected light expressed [153].
The same process is observed by thin films of oil on the surface of the water. This
natural phenomenon is coined by the cooperation of three Japanese companies to
synthetic fibers [154, 155]. Strictly controlled multi-layered structure filaments with
calculated thickness have been successfully designed [156]. The reflectance curve of
both synthetic and natural fibers is comparable. Morphotic fibers or butterfly (Fig. 9)
fibers display flopping of the pure and metallic tone of colors from green to red
and violet to blue colors [155]. If this will be successfully launched in the market,
then the need for the dying process will be finished. It means lethal ecological and
toxicological aspects would no longer perform at an industrial level. Furthermore,
bio-colorants possess an unlimited light fastness as compared to conventional dyes
a characteristic required for automotive textiles [157].
S. Adeel et al.
permits silico identification of useful mutations [140]. Other techniques like microfluidic platforms, ultra-high screening and automated liquid handling combining with
fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) have been successfully employed [144,
145]. Recently, the advancement in computational biology has enabled the de novo
designing of enzymes for a particular chemical reaction, novel activities for unusual
substrates and molecular dynamics [146]. Till now, numerous approaches have been
commonly applied to amend properties or even designs of enzymes, where each
strategy has some limitations [147]. Therefore, the choice of enzyme engineering
techniques should be used based on detailed knowledge of SAR (structure-function
relationship), computer algorithms and the opportunity of experimental tools [148,
149]. As the demands of enzymes to catalyze new chemical reactions are drastically
increasing, therefore, the achievement in developing beneficial proteins is largely a
matter of reliable optimization of strategies and persistent trials [150].
9 The Latest Development in the Textile Sector
by Bio-copying of Nature
Techniques for bio-copying of nature like bio-mimetics and bionics can be employed
to synthesize (i) structurally colored fibers (ii) lotus effect for self-cleaning textile
surfaces [66]. It is a fact that chemist learns significantly from nature while the
combination of chemistry and nature results in massive synergistic compensations.
Bio-copying is regularly practicing in all steps of textile processing [151, 152].
9.1 Structurally Colored Fibres
Insects particularly Morphosul-kowskyi characteristically presents diverse, clear and
bright colors whereas some species of insects show different colors by color flopping. It has been investigated that these diverse colors are not due to the presence
of any colorants instead due to the interference of reflected light expressed [153].
The same process is observed by thin films of oil on the surface of the water. This
natural phenomenon is coined by the cooperation of three Japanese companies to
synthetic fibers [154, 155]. Strictly controlled multi-layered structure filaments with
calculated thickness have been successfully designed [156]. The reflectance curve of
both synthetic and natural fibers is comparable. Morphotic fibers or butterfly (Fig. 9)
fibers display flopping of the pure and metallic tone of colors from green to red
and violet to blue colors [155]. If this will be successfully launched in the market,
then the need for the dying process will be finished. It means lethal ecological and
toxicological aspects would no longer perform at an industrial level. Furthermore,
bio-colorants possess an unlimited light fastness as compared to conventional dyes
a characteristic required for automotive textiles [157].