1 3
Topics in Current Chemistry (2018) 376:42
58. Singh L, Wahid ZA (2015) Methods for enhancing bio-hydrogen production from biological
process: a review. J Ind Eng Chem 21:70–80. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.035
59. Kim J, Choi WJK, Choi J, Hoffmann MR, Park H (2013) Electrolysis of urea and urine for solar
hydrogen. Catal Today 199:2–7. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.catto d.2012.02.009
60. Hernlem BJ (2005) Electrolytic destruction of urea in dilute chloride solution using DSA electrodes in a recycled batch cell. Water Res 39(11):2245–2252. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.watre
s.2005.04.018
61. Carlesi Jara C, Di Giulio S, Fino D, Spinelli P (2008) Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water. J Appl Electrochem 38(7):915–922. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1080
0-008-9496-4
62. Simka W, Piotrowski J, Nawrat G (2007) Influence of anode material on electrochemical decomposition of urea. Electrochim Acta 52(18):5696–5703. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2006.12.017
63. Wright JC, Michaels AS, Appleby AJ (1986) Electrooxidation of urea at the ruthenium titanium
oxide electrode. AIChE J 32:1450–1458. https ://doi.org/10.1002/aic.69032 0906
64. Zollig H, Remmele A, Fritzsche C, Morgenroth E, Udert KM (2015) Formation of chlorination
byproducts and their emission pathways in chlorine mediated electro-oxidation of urine on active
and nonactive type anodes. Environ Sci Technol 49(18):11062–11069. https ://doi.org/10.1021/acs.
est.5b016 75
65. Ding R, Li X, Shi W, Xu Q, Wang L, Jiang H, Yang Z, Liu E (2016) Mesoporous Ni-P nanocatalysts for alkaline urea electrooxidation. Electrochim Acta 222:455–462. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
elect acta.2016.10.198
66. Cho K, Hoffmann MR (2014) Urea degradation by electrochemically generated reactive chlorine
species: products and reaction pathways. Environ Sci Technol 48(19):11504–11511. https ://doi.
org/10.1021/es502 5405
67. Cho K, Kwon D, Hoffmann MR (2014) Electrochemical treatment of human waste coupled with
molecular hydrogen production. RSC Adv 4(9):4596–4608. https ://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra4 6699j
68. Barrios AM, Lippard SJ (2000) Interaction of urea with a hydroxide-bridged dinuclear nickel
center: an alternative model for the mechanism of urease. J Am Chem Soc 122:9172–9177. https ://
doi.org/10.1021/ja000 202v
69. Suarez D, Diaz D, Merz KM (2003) Ureases: quantum chemical calculations on cluster models. J
Am Chem Soc 125:15324–15337. https ://doi.org/10.1021/ja030 145g
70. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2012) Understanding the electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism
of urea on nickel electrodes in alkaline medium. Electrochim Acta 81:292–300. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2012.07.007
71. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2014) Experimental investigation of potential oscillations during the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on Ni catalyst in alkaline medium. J Phys Chem C
118(38):21806–21812. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jp505 2529
72. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2013) Direct evidence of the mechanism for the electro-oxidation
of urea on Ni(OH) 2 catalyst in alkaline medium. Electrochim Acta 108:660–665. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2013.06.137
73. Wang Dan, Botte GG (2014) In Situ X-ray diffraction study of urea electrolysis on nickel catalysts.
ECS Electrochem Lett 3:H29–H32. https ://doi.org/10.1149/2.00314 09eel %5d
74. Daramola DA, Singh D, Botte GG (2010) Dissociation rates of urea in the presence of NiOOH
catalyst: a DFT analysis. J Phys Chem A 114:11513–11521. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jp105 159t
75. Guo F, Ye K, Cheng K, Wang G, Cao D (2015) Preparation of nickel nanowire arrays electrode for
urea electro-oxidation in alkaline medium. J Power Sources 278:562–568. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jpows our.2014.12.125
76. Guo F, Ye K, Du M, Huang X, Cheng K, Wang G, Cao D (2016) Electrochemical impedance
analysis of urea electro-oxidation mechanism on nickel catalyst in alkaline medium. Electrochim
Acta 210:474–482. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2016.05.149
77. Ojani R, Hasheminejad E, Raoof JB (2014) Hydrogen evolution assisted electrodeposition of
bimetallic 3D nano/micro-porous PtPd films and their electrocatalytic performance. Int J Hydrog
Energy 39(16):8194–8203. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2014.03.162
78. Lyalin BV, Petrosyan VA (2010) Oxidation of organic compounds on NiOOH electrode. Russ J
Electrochem 46(11):1199–1214. https ://doi.org/10.1134/s1023 19351 01100 17
79. Yan W, Wang D, Diaz LA, Botte GG (2014) Nickel nanowires as effective catalysts for urea electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 134:266–271. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2014.03.134
Reprinted from the journal
75
Topics in Current Chemistry (2018) 376:42
58. Singh L, Wahid ZA (2015) Methods for enhancing bio-hydrogen production from biological
process: a review. J Ind Eng Chem 21:70–80. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.035
59. Kim J, Choi WJK, Choi J, Hoffmann MR, Park H (2013) Electrolysis of urea and urine for solar
hydrogen. Catal Today 199:2–7. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.catto d.2012.02.009
60. Hernlem BJ (2005) Electrolytic destruction of urea in dilute chloride solution using DSA electrodes in a recycled batch cell. Water Res 39(11):2245–2252. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.watre
s.2005.04.018
61. Carlesi Jara C, Di Giulio S, Fino D, Spinelli P (2008) Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water. J Appl Electrochem 38(7):915–922. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1080
0-008-9496-4
62. Simka W, Piotrowski J, Nawrat G (2007) Influence of anode material on electrochemical decomposition of urea. Electrochim Acta 52(18):5696–5703. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2006.12.017
63. Wright JC, Michaels AS, Appleby AJ (1986) Electrooxidation of urea at the ruthenium titanium
oxide electrode. AIChE J 32:1450–1458. https ://doi.org/10.1002/aic.69032 0906
64. Zollig H, Remmele A, Fritzsche C, Morgenroth E, Udert KM (2015) Formation of chlorination
byproducts and their emission pathways in chlorine mediated electro-oxidation of urine on active
and nonactive type anodes. Environ Sci Technol 49(18):11062–11069. https ://doi.org/10.1021/acs.
est.5b016 75
65. Ding R, Li X, Shi W, Xu Q, Wang L, Jiang H, Yang Z, Liu E (2016) Mesoporous Ni-P nanocatalysts for alkaline urea electrooxidation. Electrochim Acta 222:455–462. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
elect acta.2016.10.198
66. Cho K, Hoffmann MR (2014) Urea degradation by electrochemically generated reactive chlorine
species: products and reaction pathways. Environ Sci Technol 48(19):11504–11511. https ://doi.
org/10.1021/es502 5405
67. Cho K, Kwon D, Hoffmann MR (2014) Electrochemical treatment of human waste coupled with
molecular hydrogen production. RSC Adv 4(9):4596–4608. https ://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra4 6699j
68. Barrios AM, Lippard SJ (2000) Interaction of urea with a hydroxide-bridged dinuclear nickel
center: an alternative model for the mechanism of urease. J Am Chem Soc 122:9172–9177. https ://
doi.org/10.1021/ja000 202v
69. Suarez D, Diaz D, Merz KM (2003) Ureases: quantum chemical calculations on cluster models. J
Am Chem Soc 125:15324–15337. https ://doi.org/10.1021/ja030 145g
70. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2012) Understanding the electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism
of urea on nickel electrodes in alkaline medium. Electrochim Acta 81:292–300. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2012.07.007
71. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2014) Experimental investigation of potential oscillations during the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on Ni catalyst in alkaline medium. J Phys Chem C
118(38):21806–21812. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jp505 2529
72. Vedharathinam V, Botte GG (2013) Direct evidence of the mechanism for the electro-oxidation
of urea on Ni(OH) 2 catalyst in alkaline medium. Electrochim Acta 108:660–665. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2013.06.137
73. Wang Dan, Botte GG (2014) In Situ X-ray diffraction study of urea electrolysis on nickel catalysts.
ECS Electrochem Lett 3:H29–H32. https ://doi.org/10.1149/2.00314 09eel %5d
74. Daramola DA, Singh D, Botte GG (2010) Dissociation rates of urea in the presence of NiOOH
catalyst: a DFT analysis. J Phys Chem A 114:11513–11521. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jp105 159t
75. Guo F, Ye K, Cheng K, Wang G, Cao D (2015) Preparation of nickel nanowire arrays electrode for
urea electro-oxidation in alkaline medium. J Power Sources 278:562–568. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jpows our.2014.12.125
76. Guo F, Ye K, Du M, Huang X, Cheng K, Wang G, Cao D (2016) Electrochemical impedance
analysis of urea electro-oxidation mechanism on nickel catalyst in alkaline medium. Electrochim
Acta 210:474–482. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2016.05.149
77. Ojani R, Hasheminejad E, Raoof JB (2014) Hydrogen evolution assisted electrodeposition of
bimetallic 3D nano/micro-porous PtPd films and their electrocatalytic performance. Int J Hydrog
Energy 39(16):8194–8203. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2014.03.162
78. Lyalin BV, Petrosyan VA (2010) Oxidation of organic compounds on NiOOH electrode. Russ J
Electrochem 46(11):1199–1214. https ://doi.org/10.1134/s1023 19351 01100 17
79. Yan W, Wang D, Diaz LA, Botte GG (2014) Nickel nanowires as effective catalysts for urea electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 134:266–271. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.elect acta.2014.03.134
Reprinted from the journal
75