1 3
Topics in Current Chemistry (2018) 376:42
14. Krajewska B, Ureases I (2009) Functional, catalytic and kinetic properties: a review. J Mol Catal B
Enzym 59(1–3):9–21. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.molca tb.2009.01.003
15. Xue C, Wilson LD (2016) Kinetic study on urea uptake with chitosan-based sorbent materials.
Carbohydr Polym 135:180–186. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbp ol.2015.08.090
16. Liu X, Sun S, Tang Y, Li S, Chang J, Guo LA, Zhao Y (2012) Preparation and kinetic modeling of cross-linked chitosan microspheres immobilized Zn(II) for urea adsorption. Anal Lett
45(12):1632–1644. https ://doi.org/10.1080/00032 719.2012.67778 5
17. Zhu L-J, Liu F, Yu X-M, Gao A-L, Xue L-X (2015) Surface zwitterionization of hemocompatible poly(lactic acid) membranes for hemodiafiltration. J Membr Sci 475:469–479. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsc i.2014.11.004
18. von Ahnen M, Pedersen L-F, Pedersen PB, Dalsgaard J (2015) Degradation of urea, ammonia and
nitrite in moving bed biofilters operated at different feed loadings. Aquacult Eng 69:50–59. https ://
doi.org/10.1016/j.aquae ng.2015.10.004
19. Ieropoulos I, Greenman J, Melhuish C (2012) Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; energy fuel
for the future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14(1):94–98. https ://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp2 3213d
20. Ananiev A (2003) The urea decomposition in the process of the heterogeneous catalytic denitration
of nitric acid solutions Part I. Kinetics of the reaction. Appl Catal B: Environ 45(3):189–196. https
://doi.org/10.1016/s0926 -860x(03)00236 -9
21. Shen S, Li M, Li B, Zhao Z (2014) Catalytic hydrolysis of urea from wastewater using different aluminas by a fixed bed reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(21):12563–12568. https ://doi.
org/10.1007/s1135 6-014-3189-9
22. Lundström A, Snelling T, Morsing P, Gabrielsson P, Senar E, Olsson L (2011) Urea decomposition and HNCO hydrolysis studied over titanium dioxide, Fe-Beta and γ-Alumina. Appl Catal B
106(3–4):273–279. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcat b.2011.05.010
23. Bernhard AM, Peitz D, Elsener M, Wokaun A, Kröcher O (2012) Hydrolysis and thermolysis of
urea and its decomposition byproducts biuret, cyanuric acid and melamine over anatase TiO 2 . Appl
Catal B 115–116:129–137. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcat b.2011.12.013
24. Daneshfar A, Matsuura T, Emadzadeh D, Pahlevani Z, Ismail AF (2015) Urease-carrying electrospun polyacrylonitrile mat for urea hydrolysis. React Funct Polym 87:37–45. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.react funct polym .2014.12.004
25. Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M (2010) Urea degradation kinetics in model wine solutions by acid
urease immobilised onto chitosan-derivative beads of different sizes. Enzyme Microb Technol
46(5):397–405. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmi ctec.2009.12.010
26. Mekhilef S, Saidur R, Safari A (2012) Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 16(1):981–989. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.020
27. Lo Faro M, Stassi A, Antonucci V, Modafferi V, Frontera P, Antonucci P, Aricò AS (2011) Direct
utilization of methanol in solid oxide fuel cells: an electrochemical and catalytic study. Int J
Hydrog Energy 36(16):9977–9986. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2011.05.053
28. Kamarudin SK, Hashim N (2012) Materials, morphologies and structures of MEAs in DMFCs.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(5):2494–2515. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.073
29. Shokrani R, Haghighi M, Jodeiri N, Ajamein H, Abdollahifar M (2014) Fuel cell grade hydrogen
production via methanol steam reforming over CuO/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 nanocatalyst with various oxide
ratios synthesized via urea-nitrates combustion method. Int J Hydrog Energy 39(25):13141–13155.
https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2014.06.048
30. Segura F, Durán E, Andújar JM (2009) Design, building and testing of a stand alone fuel cell
hybrid system. J Power Sources 193(1):276–284. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpows our.2008.12.111
31. Elmer T, Worall M, Wu S, Riffat SB (2015) Fuel cell technology for domestic built environment applications: state of-the-art review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:913–931. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.080
32. Wilberforce T, Alaswad A, Palumbo A, Dassisti M, Olabi AG (2016) Advances in stationary and
portable fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(37):16509–16522. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhyd ene.2016.02.057
33. Varcoe JR, Slade RCT (2005) Prospects for alkaline anion-exchange membranes in low temperature fuel cells. Fuel Cells 5(2):187–200. https ://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.20040 0045
34. Chen Y, Zhuang L, Lu J (2007) Non-Pt anode catalysts for alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells. Chin J
Catal 28(10):870–874. https ://doi.org/10.1016/s1872 -2067(07)60073 -4
35. Merle G, Wessling M, Nijmeijer K (2011) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: a
review. J Membr Sci 377(1–2):1–35. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsc i.2011.04.043
Reprinted from the journal
73
Topics in Current Chemistry (2018) 376:42
14. Krajewska B, Ureases I (2009) Functional, catalytic and kinetic properties: a review. J Mol Catal B
Enzym 59(1–3):9–21. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.molca tb.2009.01.003
15. Xue C, Wilson LD (2016) Kinetic study on urea uptake with chitosan-based sorbent materials.
Carbohydr Polym 135:180–186. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbp ol.2015.08.090
16. Liu X, Sun S, Tang Y, Li S, Chang J, Guo LA, Zhao Y (2012) Preparation and kinetic modeling of cross-linked chitosan microspheres immobilized Zn(II) for urea adsorption. Anal Lett
45(12):1632–1644. https ://doi.org/10.1080/00032 719.2012.67778 5
17. Zhu L-J, Liu F, Yu X-M, Gao A-L, Xue L-X (2015) Surface zwitterionization of hemocompatible poly(lactic acid) membranes for hemodiafiltration. J Membr Sci 475:469–479. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsc i.2014.11.004
18. von Ahnen M, Pedersen L-F, Pedersen PB, Dalsgaard J (2015) Degradation of urea, ammonia and
nitrite in moving bed biofilters operated at different feed loadings. Aquacult Eng 69:50–59. https ://
doi.org/10.1016/j.aquae ng.2015.10.004
19. Ieropoulos I, Greenman J, Melhuish C (2012) Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; energy fuel
for the future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14(1):94–98. https ://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp2 3213d
20. Ananiev A (2003) The urea decomposition in the process of the heterogeneous catalytic denitration
of nitric acid solutions Part I. Kinetics of the reaction. Appl Catal B: Environ 45(3):189–196. https
://doi.org/10.1016/s0926 -860x(03)00236 -9
21. Shen S, Li M, Li B, Zhao Z (2014) Catalytic hydrolysis of urea from wastewater using different aluminas by a fixed bed reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(21):12563–12568. https ://doi.
org/10.1007/s1135 6-014-3189-9
22. Lundström A, Snelling T, Morsing P, Gabrielsson P, Senar E, Olsson L (2011) Urea decomposition and HNCO hydrolysis studied over titanium dioxide, Fe-Beta and γ-Alumina. Appl Catal B
106(3–4):273–279. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcat b.2011.05.010
23. Bernhard AM, Peitz D, Elsener M, Wokaun A, Kröcher O (2012) Hydrolysis and thermolysis of
urea and its decomposition byproducts biuret, cyanuric acid and melamine over anatase TiO 2 . Appl
Catal B 115–116:129–137. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcat b.2011.12.013
24. Daneshfar A, Matsuura T, Emadzadeh D, Pahlevani Z, Ismail AF (2015) Urease-carrying electrospun polyacrylonitrile mat for urea hydrolysis. React Funct Polym 87:37–45. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.react funct polym .2014.12.004
25. Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M (2010) Urea degradation kinetics in model wine solutions by acid
urease immobilised onto chitosan-derivative beads of different sizes. Enzyme Microb Technol
46(5):397–405. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmi ctec.2009.12.010
26. Mekhilef S, Saidur R, Safari A (2012) Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 16(1):981–989. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.020
27. Lo Faro M, Stassi A, Antonucci V, Modafferi V, Frontera P, Antonucci P, Aricò AS (2011) Direct
utilization of methanol in solid oxide fuel cells: an electrochemical and catalytic study. Int J
Hydrog Energy 36(16):9977–9986. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2011.05.053
28. Kamarudin SK, Hashim N (2012) Materials, morphologies and structures of MEAs in DMFCs.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(5):2494–2515. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.073
29. Shokrani R, Haghighi M, Jodeiri N, Ajamein H, Abdollahifar M (2014) Fuel cell grade hydrogen
production via methanol steam reforming over CuO/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 nanocatalyst with various oxide
ratios synthesized via urea-nitrates combustion method. Int J Hydrog Energy 39(25):13141–13155.
https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhyd ene.2014.06.048
30. Segura F, Durán E, Andújar JM (2009) Design, building and testing of a stand alone fuel cell
hybrid system. J Power Sources 193(1):276–284. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpows our.2008.12.111
31. Elmer T, Worall M, Wu S, Riffat SB (2015) Fuel cell technology for domestic built environment applications: state of-the-art review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:913–931. https ://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.080
32. Wilberforce T, Alaswad A, Palumbo A, Dassisti M, Olabi AG (2016) Advances in stationary and
portable fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(37):16509–16522. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhyd ene.2016.02.057
33. Varcoe JR, Slade RCT (2005) Prospects for alkaline anion-exchange membranes in low temperature fuel cells. Fuel Cells 5(2):187–200. https ://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.20040 0045
34. Chen Y, Zhuang L, Lu J (2007) Non-Pt anode catalysts for alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells. Chin J
Catal 28(10):870–874. https ://doi.org/10.1016/s1872 -2067(07)60073 -4
35. Merle G, Wessling M, Nijmeijer K (2011) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: a
review. J Membr Sci 377(1–2):1–35. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsc i.2011.04.043
Reprinted from the journal
73