3 Bio-nanotechnology Application in Wastewater Treatment
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out of the nanometer range and one direction within the range are two-dimensional
molecules (2-D), meaning they grow in the two spatial directions; this includes Nano
films and Nano sheets. For the particles that have three out-of-nanometer directions,
they include bulk materials (Buzea and Pacheco 2017). The nanostructure might be
Liposomes, Dendrimers, Carbon-based and metal-based nanostructure. Liposomes
are molecules composed of two vesicular layers of natural and industrial phospholipids (Perez et al. 2016). Dendrimers are polymers that are in the form nanoparticles. They are nanomaterials that are based on Carbon, such as carbon nanotube and
Fullerene. The metal-based nanomaterials, as the name suggests, are nanomaterials
that can be nanoparticles made up of metal that may consist of two, three, or more
types of metals or elements (Mazhar et al. 2017).
3.2.1 Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are engineered at the level of atoms and molecules, giving them unique
and superlative properties that are not found in the Bulk Materials. Nanoparticles are
considered to be a complete unit concerning their properties. All materials have a
critical range in which their properties change. Materials, less than 100 nm, show
properties that differ from the properties of the bulk materials. When all particle
dimensions are within a range of less than 100 nm, it is known as nanoparticles,
such as silica nanoparticles. In the theory of previous studies, nanoparticles are often
called nanoclusters because of the accumulation of millions of atoms and molecules
(Kunwar et al. 2014). Nanoparticles may be crystals or amorphous as their surface
can be translate of drugs by packaging or its association with the surface of nanoparticles. The properties of nanoparticles differ from the properties of atoms, molecules,
and bulk materials. Nanoparticles are a unique state of matter, such as crystalline
nanoparticles, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes, as were traditional crystalline materials (diamonds and graphite). Researchers limit the size of nanoparticles between
10 and 100 nm. The production of nanoparticles is carried out in two ways: from
top-down and bottom-up, from top-down where the bulk materials are broken down
into small volumes at the nanoscale; while in bottom-up, atoms and molecules are
assembled to obtain nanostructured materials. The use of top-down approaches in
the production of nanoparticles has a very high probability of contamination, so a
bottom-up approach is appropriate for producing nanoparticles. Today, nanoparticles have become very important in our lives. For example, zinc oxide nanoparticles
are one of the products that are included in antimicrobial agents. Titanium oxide
nanoparticles are employed in the formation of harmful sun protection products.
The basis of nanotechnology is based on the formation of nanoparticles where these
nanoparticles are used in different formats depending on the type of applications.
37
out of the nanometer range and one direction within the range are two-dimensional
molecules (2-D), meaning they grow in the two spatial directions; this includes Nano
films and Nano sheets. For the particles that have three out-of-nanometer directions,
they include bulk materials (Buzea and Pacheco 2017). The nanostructure might be
Liposomes, Dendrimers, Carbon-based and metal-based nanostructure. Liposomes
are molecules composed of two vesicular layers of natural and industrial phospholipids (Perez et al. 2016). Dendrimers are polymers that are in the form nanoparticles. They are nanomaterials that are based on Carbon, such as carbon nanotube and
Fullerene. The metal-based nanomaterials, as the name suggests, are nanomaterials
that can be nanoparticles made up of metal that may consist of two, three, or more
types of metals or elements (Mazhar et al. 2017).
3.2.1 Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are engineered at the level of atoms and molecules, giving them unique
and superlative properties that are not found in the Bulk Materials. Nanoparticles are
considered to be a complete unit concerning their properties. All materials have a
critical range in which their properties change. Materials, less than 100 nm, show
properties that differ from the properties of the bulk materials. When all particle
dimensions are within a range of less than 100 nm, it is known as nanoparticles,
such as silica nanoparticles. In the theory of previous studies, nanoparticles are often
called nanoclusters because of the accumulation of millions of atoms and molecules
(Kunwar et al. 2014). Nanoparticles may be crystals or amorphous as their surface
can be translate of drugs by packaging or its association with the surface of nanoparticles. The properties of nanoparticles differ from the properties of atoms, molecules,
and bulk materials. Nanoparticles are a unique state of matter, such as crystalline
nanoparticles, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes, as were traditional crystalline materials (diamonds and graphite). Researchers limit the size of nanoparticles between
10 and 100 nm. The production of nanoparticles is carried out in two ways: from
top-down and bottom-up, from top-down where the bulk materials are broken down
into small volumes at the nanoscale; while in bottom-up, atoms and molecules are
assembled to obtain nanostructured materials. The use of top-down approaches in
the production of nanoparticles has a very high probability of contamination, so a
bottom-up approach is appropriate for producing nanoparticles. Today, nanoparticles have become very important in our lives. For example, zinc oxide nanoparticles
are one of the products that are included in antimicrobial agents. Titanium oxide
nanoparticles are employed in the formation of harmful sun protection products.
The basis of nanotechnology is based on the formation of nanoparticles where these
nanoparticles are used in different formats depending on the type of applications.