36
S. S. Habtoor et al.
Consequently a technique was found in which plant leaves are used in the process
of assembling metals (Iravani 2011), where the leaves of the plants are converted
into extracts, which in turn convert the metal ions into neutral atoms clustered on the
extract molecules. Plant leaves of various kinds possess a considerable number of biochemical compounds that carry functional groups acting as antioxidants because they
are rich in non-double electrons (Tilman et al. 1997). It is one of the most recently used
methods in the process of synthesizing metallic nanoparticles. Murraya koenigii leaf
is believed to have several medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, anti-diabetic,
hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties
(Al Harbi et al. 2016). The search for suitable ways to produce metal nanoparticles
has become a matter of interest recently because the use of metallic nanoparticles
has shown high efficiency in many applications. Metallic nanoparticles have a lot of
antibacterial properties due to their high surface and small particle size, which gives
them an increased surface reaction. Their optical and electronic properties are highly
dependent on their structure and size; it is essential to modify the size and composition of metal particles for use in different applications. It is used as an antibacterial,
as nanoparticles damage the cellular wall of bacteria (Sirelkhatim et al. 2015). Silver
nanoparticles are one of the most recently studied nanomaterials, they play a significant role in the development of the antibacterial activity, as they can get adsorbed on
the surfaces of bacterial cell membranes (Le Ouay and Stellacci 2015). Modification
of metallic nanoparticles order to obtain many useful properties such as complex
structures, purity, stable composition, and several other purposes including reducing
the size to nanometer size has been reported (Scaramuzza et al. 2016). The change in
sizes and structures produces a different electrical, optical, physical, chemical, and
a strong antibacterial property. In this Chapter, the green-synthesized nanoparticles
and their medical applications is reviewed. Moreover, the applicability of the metallic
nanoparticles (MNPs) in the inactivation of microbial cells was also discussed.
3.2 Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a branch of modern technology which is currently useful in
manufacturing and describing metal and non-metallic materials on the scale of a
nanometer (1–100 nm) in various forms, structures, and sizes (Lengke et al. 2006).
There are many products in markets based on nanomaterials, which play an essential
role in everyday life. Nanoparticles have unique properties that are different from
macroscale properties of the same material, so research interest has increased. Nanomaterials are classified according to origin, dimension, and structure. Depending on
the dimension, the materials that take the critical range (1–100) nm in all their three
spatial directions are referred to as dimension-zero particles (0-D), such as quantum
dot and metal nanoparticles; all these particles are spherical, cubic, or clustered in
shape. The particles that have one dimension beyond the critical range and the other
two dimensions are within the nanometer range are one-dimensional molecules (1D), for example nanowire, Nano rod. While molecules that have two dimensions
S. S. Habtoor et al.
Consequently a technique was found in which plant leaves are used in the process
of assembling metals (Iravani 2011), where the leaves of the plants are converted
into extracts, which in turn convert the metal ions into neutral atoms clustered on the
extract molecules. Plant leaves of various kinds possess a considerable number of biochemical compounds that carry functional groups acting as antioxidants because they
are rich in non-double electrons (Tilman et al. 1997). It is one of the most recently used
methods in the process of synthesizing metallic nanoparticles. Murraya koenigii leaf
is believed to have several medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, anti-diabetic,
hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties
(Al Harbi et al. 2016). The search for suitable ways to produce metal nanoparticles
has become a matter of interest recently because the use of metallic nanoparticles
has shown high efficiency in many applications. Metallic nanoparticles have a lot of
antibacterial properties due to their high surface and small particle size, which gives
them an increased surface reaction. Their optical and electronic properties are highly
dependent on their structure and size; it is essential to modify the size and composition of metal particles for use in different applications. It is used as an antibacterial,
as nanoparticles damage the cellular wall of bacteria (Sirelkhatim et al. 2015). Silver
nanoparticles are one of the most recently studied nanomaterials, they play a significant role in the development of the antibacterial activity, as they can get adsorbed on
the surfaces of bacterial cell membranes (Le Ouay and Stellacci 2015). Modification
of metallic nanoparticles order to obtain many useful properties such as complex
structures, purity, stable composition, and several other purposes including reducing
the size to nanometer size has been reported (Scaramuzza et al. 2016). The change in
sizes and structures produces a different electrical, optical, physical, chemical, and
a strong antibacterial property. In this Chapter, the green-synthesized nanoparticles
and their medical applications is reviewed. Moreover, the applicability of the metallic
nanoparticles (MNPs) in the inactivation of microbial cells was also discussed.
3.2 Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a branch of modern technology which is currently useful in
manufacturing and describing metal and non-metallic materials on the scale of a
nanometer (1–100 nm) in various forms, structures, and sizes (Lengke et al. 2006).
There are many products in markets based on nanomaterials, which play an essential
role in everyday life. Nanoparticles have unique properties that are different from
macroscale properties of the same material, so research interest has increased. Nanomaterials are classified according to origin, dimension, and structure. Depending on
the dimension, the materials that take the critical range (1–100) nm in all their three
spatial directions are referred to as dimension-zero particles (0-D), such as quantum
dot and metal nanoparticles; all these particles are spherical, cubic, or clustered in
shape. The particles that have one dimension beyond the critical range and the other
two dimensions are within the nanometer range are one-dimensional molecules (1D), for example nanowire, Nano rod. While molecules that have two dimensions