1 Management Practices of Fresh Market Wastes …
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1.4.1 Control Methods of Harmful Algae Blooms
In the recent years, the wide proliferation of HABs has been observed in freshwater resources which posed global concerns. The outbreaks of HABs (Cyanobacteria
blooms) in the lakes and rivers have increased the threats to human health and freshwater resources as well as the great economic damage due to the recreational water
and aquaculture pollution (Smith and Daniels 2018). Several techniques and methods
have been implemented to inactivate HABs cells (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 indicates the chemical methods that included ozone, chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, permanganate, or ferrate which have a high inactivation efficiency of HABs
and it is estimated between 85.55 and 99.9999% (Naceradska et al. 2017; Visser et al.
2016), while physical methods included hypolimnetic aeration and oxygenation,
hypolimnetic withdrawal and the flocculation of chitosan modified soil has been
showed a lower efficiency compared to chemical methods estimated from 71.25 to
95.50% (Li et al. 2015a, b; Noyma et al. 2016). Both methods were very effective
in terms of HABs treatment. However, they considered as contaminated sources and
nontarget toxicity of water resources due to the chemical and physical agents which
caused a serious secondary contamination which leads to killing several types of
aquatic organisms (Li et al. 2015a, b).
In the recent years, science has seen a remarkable evolution in the biological
treatment field, which is considered as environmental and economical alternative
method to solve the water contamination issues around the world (Jin et al. 2017).
Therefore, several researches were performed to investigate the efficiency of the biological method on HABs inactivation. Various biological strategies have been used
to inactivate HABs including aquatic plants, aquatic animals, and algicidal microorganisms which recorded a high efficiency of HABs inactivation estimated between
88.60 and 99.9999% (Li et al. 2015a, b; Thees et al. 2019). While among these biological strategies, algicidal bacterium strategy became the most important strategy
and researches focus. With a comparison to the physical and chemical strategies,
algicidal bacterium-based strategy including algicidal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and
protozoa are considered to be promising environmental methods due to the low contamination and hazardous effects on water sources, aquatic organisms and ecosystem
(Backer et al. 2015; Harke et al. 2016).
1.4.2 Algicidal Activity of Bacteria on Harmful Algae Blooms
Several isolated bacteria species have the algicidal activity to inactivate the harmful
fresh and marine water algae blooms. Table 1.2 displays the inactivation efficiency
of algicidal bacteria species against various species of HABs under affected factors
of inactivation process.
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1.4.1 Control Methods of Harmful Algae Blooms
In the recent years, the wide proliferation of HABs has been observed in freshwater resources which posed global concerns. The outbreaks of HABs (Cyanobacteria
blooms) in the lakes and rivers have increased the threats to human health and freshwater resources as well as the great economic damage due to the recreational water
and aquaculture pollution (Smith and Daniels 2018). Several techniques and methods
have been implemented to inactivate HABs cells (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 indicates the chemical methods that included ozone, chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, permanganate, or ferrate which have a high inactivation efficiency of HABs
and it is estimated between 85.55 and 99.9999% (Naceradska et al. 2017; Visser et al.
2016), while physical methods included hypolimnetic aeration and oxygenation,
hypolimnetic withdrawal and the flocculation of chitosan modified soil has been
showed a lower efficiency compared to chemical methods estimated from 71.25 to
95.50% (Li et al. 2015a, b; Noyma et al. 2016). Both methods were very effective
in terms of HABs treatment. However, they considered as contaminated sources and
nontarget toxicity of water resources due to the chemical and physical agents which
caused a serious secondary contamination which leads to killing several types of
aquatic organisms (Li et al. 2015a, b).
In the recent years, science has seen a remarkable evolution in the biological
treatment field, which is considered as environmental and economical alternative
method to solve the water contamination issues around the world (Jin et al. 2017).
Therefore, several researches were performed to investigate the efficiency of the biological method on HABs inactivation. Various biological strategies have been used
to inactivate HABs including aquatic plants, aquatic animals, and algicidal microorganisms which recorded a high efficiency of HABs inactivation estimated between
88.60 and 99.9999% (Li et al. 2015a, b; Thees et al. 2019). While among these biological strategies, algicidal bacterium strategy became the most important strategy
and researches focus. With a comparison to the physical and chemical strategies,
algicidal bacterium-based strategy including algicidal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and
protozoa are considered to be promising environmental methods due to the low contamination and hazardous effects on water sources, aquatic organisms and ecosystem
(Backer et al. 2015; Harke et al. 2016).
1.4.2 Algicidal Activity of Bacteria on Harmful Algae Blooms
Several isolated bacteria species have the algicidal activity to inactivate the harmful
fresh and marine water algae blooms. Table 1.2 displays the inactivation efficiency
of algicidal bacteria species against various species of HABs under affected factors
of inactivation process.