10
M. Al-Sahari et al.
Table 1.1 Inactivation methods of HABs
Treatment
method
Treatment type
Required
material/Process of
treatment
Removal rate (%) Ref
Chemical
methods
Preoxidants
Ozone, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide,
permanganate, or
ferrate
85.55–99.9999
Naceradska
et al. (2017)
Algaecide
copper sulfate
addition (CuSO 4
· 5H 2 O)
Visser et al.
(2016)
Inorganic
coagulants
Clay coagulants
Huh and Ahn
(2017)
Physical
methods
Hypolimnetic
aeration and
oxygenation
Inject or increase
the dissolved
oxygen of water to
reduce phosphate
(P)
71.25–95.50
Visser et al.
(2016)
Hypolimnetic
withdrawal
Reduced the
bottom water
residence time,
provide nutrients
to the epilimnion
by limited vertical
mixing
Visser et al.
(2016)
Flocculation
Ex, flocculants and
phosphorus
adsorbing natural
soil and modified
clay, chitosan
modified soil
Li et al.
(2015a, b),
Noyma et al.
(2016)
Biological
methods
Algicidal bacteria Using bacterial
species
88.60–99.9999
Shu et al.
(2017)
Biodegradation of
organisms
To biodegrade the
metabolites of
Cyanobacteria by
using organisms
Ex. Rhodococcus
wratislaviensis
DLC-cam to
biodegrades MIB
metabolite and
Stenotrophomonas
sp, to biodegrades
geosmin
metabolite
Li et al.
(2015a, b),
Thees et al.
(2019)