164
M. Darwish et al.
Lee SI, Weon SY, Lee CW, Koopman B (2003) Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater
by addition of bittern. Chemosphere 51(4):265–271
Lee JE, Rahman MM, Ra CS (2009) Dose effects of Mg and PO 4 sources on the composting of
swine manure. J Hazard Mater 169(1–3):801–807
Lee SH, Yoo BH, Kim SK, Lim SJ, Kim JY, Kim TH (2013) Enhancement of struvite purity by
re-dissolution of calcium ions in synthetic wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 261:29–37
Li XZ, Zhao QL (2002) MAP precipitation from landfill leachate and seawater bittern waste. Environ
Technol 23(9):989–1000
Li XZ, Zhao QL, Hao XD (1999) Ammonium removal from landfill leachate by chemical
precipitation. Waste Manag 19(6):409–415
Li W, Ding X, Liu M, Guo Y, Liu L (2012) Optimization of process parameters for mature landfill
leachate pretreatment using MAP precipitation. Front Environ Sci Eng 6(6):892–900
Liu Z, Zhao Q, Wang K, Lee D, Qiu W, Wang J (2008) Urea hydrolysis and recovery of nitrogen
and phosphorous as MAP from stale human urine. J Environ Sci 20(8):1018–1024
Liu Y, Kumar S, Kwag J, Kim J, Kim J, Ra C (2011a) Recycle of electrolytically dissolved struvite
as an alternative to enhance phosphate and nitrogen recovery from swine wastewater. J Hazard
Mater 195:175–181
Liu Y, Kwag JH, Kim JH, Ra C (2011b) Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus by struvite
crystallization from swine wastewater. Desalination 277(1–3):364–369
Liu B, Giannis A, Zhang J, Chang VW, Wang JY (2013a) Characterization of induced struvite formation from source-separated urine using seawater and brine as magnesium sources. Chemosphere
93(11):2738–2747
Liu Y, Kumar S, Kwag JH, Ra C (2013b) Magnesium ammonium phosphate formation, recovery
and its application as valuable resources: a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88(2):181–189
Lu X, Shih K, Li X-Y, Liu G, Zeng EY, Wang F (2016) Accuracy and application of quantitative
X-ray diffraction on the precipitation of struvite product. Water Res 90:9–14
Ma N, Rouff AA (2012) Influence of pH and oxidation state on the interaction of arsenic with
struvite during mineral formation. Environ Sci Technol 46(16):8791–8798
Muryanto S, Bayuseno AP (2014) Influence of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ as additives on crystallization kinetics
and morphology of struvite. Powder Technol 253:602–607
Öztürk I, Altinbas M, Koyuncu I, Arikan O, Gomec-Yangin C (2003) Advanced physico-chemical
treatment experiences on young municipal landfill leachates. Waste Manag 23(5):441–446
Pal P, Kumar R (2014) Treatment of coke wastewater: a critical review for developing sustainable
management strategies. Sep Purif Rev 43(2):89–123
Pastor L, Mangin D, Barat R, Seco A (2008) A pilot-scale study of struvite precipitation in a stirred
tank reactor: conditions influencing the process. Biores Technol 99(14):6285–6291
Rahman MM, Liu Y, Kwag JH, Ra C (2011) Recovery of struvite from animal wastewater and its
nutrient leaching loss in soil. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3):2026–2030
Rahman MM, Salleh MAM, Rashid U, Ahsan A, Hossain MM, Ra CS (2014) Production of slow
release crystal fertilizer from wastewaters through struvite crystallization—A review. Arab J
Chem 7(1):139–155
Rawn A, Perry Banta A, Pomeroy R (1937) Multiple-stage sewage sludge digestion. Am Soc Civil
Eng 2116:93–132
Ronteltap M, Maurer M, Gujer W (2007) The behaviour of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals
during struvite precipitation in urine. Water Res 41(9):1859–1868
Rouff A (2012a) The use of TG/DSC–FT-IR to assess the effect of Cr sorption on struvite stability
and composition. J Therm Anal Calorim 110(3):1217–1223
Rouff AA (2012b) Sorption of chromium with struvite during phosphorus recovery. Environ Sci
Technol 46(22):12493–12501
Ryu HD, Kim D, Lee SI (2008) Application of struvite precipitation in treating ammonium nitrogen
from semiconductor wastewater. J Hazard Mater 156(1–3):163–169
Ryu HD, Lim CS, Kang MK, Lee SI (2012) Evaluation of struvite obtained from semiconductor
wastewater as a fertilizer in cultivating Chinese cabbage. J Hazard Mater 221–222:248–255
M. Darwish et al.
Lee SI, Weon SY, Lee CW, Koopman B (2003) Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater
by addition of bittern. Chemosphere 51(4):265–271
Lee JE, Rahman MM, Ra CS (2009) Dose effects of Mg and PO 4 sources on the composting of
swine manure. J Hazard Mater 169(1–3):801–807
Lee SH, Yoo BH, Kim SK, Lim SJ, Kim JY, Kim TH (2013) Enhancement of struvite purity by
re-dissolution of calcium ions in synthetic wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 261:29–37
Li XZ, Zhao QL (2002) MAP precipitation from landfill leachate and seawater bittern waste. Environ
Technol 23(9):989–1000
Li XZ, Zhao QL, Hao XD (1999) Ammonium removal from landfill leachate by chemical
precipitation. Waste Manag 19(6):409–415
Li W, Ding X, Liu M, Guo Y, Liu L (2012) Optimization of process parameters for mature landfill
leachate pretreatment using MAP precipitation. Front Environ Sci Eng 6(6):892–900
Liu Z, Zhao Q, Wang K, Lee D, Qiu W, Wang J (2008) Urea hydrolysis and recovery of nitrogen
and phosphorous as MAP from stale human urine. J Environ Sci 20(8):1018–1024
Liu Y, Kumar S, Kwag J, Kim J, Kim J, Ra C (2011a) Recycle of electrolytically dissolved struvite
as an alternative to enhance phosphate and nitrogen recovery from swine wastewater. J Hazard
Mater 195:175–181
Liu Y, Kwag JH, Kim JH, Ra C (2011b) Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus by struvite
crystallization from swine wastewater. Desalination 277(1–3):364–369
Liu B, Giannis A, Zhang J, Chang VW, Wang JY (2013a) Characterization of induced struvite formation from source-separated urine using seawater and brine as magnesium sources. Chemosphere
93(11):2738–2747
Liu Y, Kumar S, Kwag JH, Ra C (2013b) Magnesium ammonium phosphate formation, recovery
and its application as valuable resources: a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88(2):181–189
Lu X, Shih K, Li X-Y, Liu G, Zeng EY, Wang F (2016) Accuracy and application of quantitative
X-ray diffraction on the precipitation of struvite product. Water Res 90:9–14
Ma N, Rouff AA (2012) Influence of pH and oxidation state on the interaction of arsenic with
struvite during mineral formation. Environ Sci Technol 46(16):8791–8798
Muryanto S, Bayuseno AP (2014) Influence of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ as additives on crystallization kinetics
and morphology of struvite. Powder Technol 253:602–607
Öztürk I, Altinbas M, Koyuncu I, Arikan O, Gomec-Yangin C (2003) Advanced physico-chemical
treatment experiences on young municipal landfill leachates. Waste Manag 23(5):441–446
Pal P, Kumar R (2014) Treatment of coke wastewater: a critical review for developing sustainable
management strategies. Sep Purif Rev 43(2):89–123
Pastor L, Mangin D, Barat R, Seco A (2008) A pilot-scale study of struvite precipitation in a stirred
tank reactor: conditions influencing the process. Biores Technol 99(14):6285–6291
Rahman MM, Liu Y, Kwag JH, Ra C (2011) Recovery of struvite from animal wastewater and its
nutrient leaching loss in soil. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3):2026–2030
Rahman MM, Salleh MAM, Rashid U, Ahsan A, Hossain MM, Ra CS (2014) Production of slow
release crystal fertilizer from wastewaters through struvite crystallization—A review. Arab J
Chem 7(1):139–155
Rawn A, Perry Banta A, Pomeroy R (1937) Multiple-stage sewage sludge digestion. Am Soc Civil
Eng 2116:93–132
Ronteltap M, Maurer M, Gujer W (2007) The behaviour of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals
during struvite precipitation in urine. Water Res 41(9):1859–1868
Rouff A (2012a) The use of TG/DSC–FT-IR to assess the effect of Cr sorption on struvite stability
and composition. J Therm Anal Calorim 110(3):1217–1223
Rouff AA (2012b) Sorption of chromium with struvite during phosphorus recovery. Environ Sci
Technol 46(22):12493–12501
Ryu HD, Kim D, Lee SI (2008) Application of struvite precipitation in treating ammonium nitrogen
from semiconductor wastewater. J Hazard Mater 156(1–3):163–169
Ryu HD, Lim CS, Kang MK, Lee SI (2012) Evaluation of struvite obtained from semiconductor
wastewater as a fertilizer in cultivating Chinese cabbage. J Hazard Mater 221–222:248–255