126
M. S. Miswan et al.
Table 8.2
(continued)
Nitrogen removal
technologies
Advantages
Disadvantages
Result
References
Chemical oxidation of
ammonia
Simple design of mechanical
components for breakpoint
chlorination system
Promising and innovative
technologies
This process is practical only
as an effluent polishing
technique, not for the
removal of high levels of
nitrogen
Advanced oxidation process
(photocatalytic oxidation
and electrochemical
oxidation), although very
promising, still confined to
the level of applied research
85.2% of ammonia nitrogen
removal
Chen et al. (2018)
Chemical reduction of
nitrate
Low cost and lack of
sensitivity to other impurities
Absence of limitation by
nitrate concentration level
Still confined to the level of
applied research
88% of nitrate removal
Hamid et al. (2018)
Biological means
Nitrification and
denitrification
Environmentally friendly
and cost-effective
May become complicated
when applied to industrial
wastewater due to the varied
characteristics
Slow
Approximately 100% of
total nitrate removal
Rysgaard et al. (1993)
Simultaneous nitrification
and denitrification (SND)
Low biomass yield during
anaerobic growth
Effective in maintaining a
neutral pH level in the
reactor
Requirement of advanced
bioreactor with adjustable
aerobic, buffer and anoxic
zone with liquid circulation
75.09% of total nitrogen
removal
Li et al. 2016
(continued)