Jiang L, Liu Y, Hu X, Zeng G, Wang H, Zhou L, Liu S (2016) The use of microbial-earthworm
ecofilters for wastewater treatment with special attention to influencing factors in performance: a
review. Bioresour Technol 200:999–1007
Kumar T, Bhargava R, Prasad KH, Pruthi V (2015) Evaluation of vermifiltration process using
natural ingredients for effective wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi AA (2016) A comparative study
on vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57(14):6347–6354
Li YS, Xiao YQ, Qiu JP, Dai YQ, Robin P (2009) Continuous village sewage treatment by
vermifiltration and activated sludge process. Water Sci Technol 60(11):3001–3010
Liu J, Lu Z, Zhang J, Xing M, Yang J (2013) Phylogenetic characterization of microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter treating rural domestic sewage. Ecol Eng 61:100–109
Manyuchi L, Kadzungura L, Boka S (2013) Vermifiltration of sewage wastewater for potential use
in irrigation purposes using Eisenia fetida earthworms. World Acad Sci Eng Technol
78:538–542
Merlin G, Cottin N (2009) Performance of a compost biofilter containing earthworms to treat cheese
whey. Environ Technol 30(10):995–1002
Metcalf L, Eddy HP, Tchobanoglous G (1991) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, and
reuse, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2008) Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total
coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta). Appl Soil Ecol
39(2):127–132
Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2009) Reduction of total coliform numbers during
vermicomposting is caused by short-term direct effects of earthworms on microorganisms and
depends on the dose of application of pig slurry. Sci Total Environ 407(20):5411–5416
Noumsi IM, Akoa A, Eteme RA, Nya J, Ngniado P, Fonkou T, Brissaud F (2005) Mosquito
development and biological control in a macrophyte-based wastewater treatment plant. Water
Sci Technol 51(12):201–204
Nuengjamnong C, Chiarawatchai N, Polprasert C, Otterpohl R (2011) Treating swine wastewater
by integrating earthworms into constructed wetlands. J Environ Sci Health A 46(7):800–804
Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D, Newton M, Wolfe B, Karabinakis E, Clark S, Poon E, Abbett E,
Nandagopal S (2004) Water resources: agricultural and environmental issues. Bioscience 54
(10):909–918
Ra CS, Lo KV, Shin JS, Oh JS, Hong BJ (2000) Biological nutrient removal with an internal
organic carbon source in piggery wastewater treatment. Water Res 34(3):965–973
Reddy, K. R., & Smith, W. H. (1987). Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. In:
Conference on research and applications of aquatic plants for water treatment and resource
recovery, Magnolia Publishing Inc, Orlando, Fla. (USA), 1986
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2017a) Treatment of wastewater by vermifiltration integrated with
macrophyte filter: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 5(3):2274–2289
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2017b) Performance assessment of a Canna indica assisted
vermifilter for synthetic dairy wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ Prot 111:363–374
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2018a) Effect of hydraulic loading rate and pollutants degradation
kinetics in two stage hybrid macrophyte assisted vermifiltration system. Biochem Eng J
132:47–59
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2018b) A comparative study of macrophytes influence on performance of hybrid vermifilter for dairy wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 6
(4):4714–4726
Shokouhi R, Ghobadi N, Godini K, Hadi M, Atashzaban Z (2020) Antibiotic detection in a hospital
wastewater and comparison of their removal rate by activated sludge and earthworm-based
vermifilteration: environmental risk assessment. Process Saf Environ Prot 134:169–177
Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR (2017) A mechanistic review on vermifiltration of wastewater: design,
operation and performance. J Environ Manag 197:656–672
Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR (2018) Understanding intricacies of clogging and its alleviation by
introducing earthworms in soil biofilters. Sci Total Environ 633:145–156
16
Bhavini et al.
ecofilters for wastewater treatment with special attention to influencing factors in performance: a
review. Bioresour Technol 200:999–1007
Kumar T, Bhargava R, Prasad KH, Pruthi V (2015) Evaluation of vermifiltration process using
natural ingredients for effective wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 75:370–377
Kumar T, Rajpal A, Arora S, Bhargava R, Hari Prasad KS, Kazmi AA (2016) A comparative study
on vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalin Water
Treat 57(14):6347–6354
Li YS, Xiao YQ, Qiu JP, Dai YQ, Robin P (2009) Continuous village sewage treatment by
vermifiltration and activated sludge process. Water Sci Technol 60(11):3001–3010
Liu J, Lu Z, Zhang J, Xing M, Yang J (2013) Phylogenetic characterization of microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter treating rural domestic sewage. Ecol Eng 61:100–109
Manyuchi L, Kadzungura L, Boka S (2013) Vermifiltration of sewage wastewater for potential use
in irrigation purposes using Eisenia fetida earthworms. World Acad Sci Eng Technol
78:538–542
Merlin G, Cottin N (2009) Performance of a compost biofilter containing earthworms to treat cheese
whey. Environ Technol 30(10):995–1002
Metcalf L, Eddy HP, Tchobanoglous G (1991) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, and
reuse, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2008) Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total
coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta). Appl Soil Ecol
39(2):127–132
Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2009) Reduction of total coliform numbers during
vermicomposting is caused by short-term direct effects of earthworms on microorganisms and
depends on the dose of application of pig slurry. Sci Total Environ 407(20):5411–5416
Noumsi IM, Akoa A, Eteme RA, Nya J, Ngniado P, Fonkou T, Brissaud F (2005) Mosquito
development and biological control in a macrophyte-based wastewater treatment plant. Water
Sci Technol 51(12):201–204
Nuengjamnong C, Chiarawatchai N, Polprasert C, Otterpohl R (2011) Treating swine wastewater
by integrating earthworms into constructed wetlands. J Environ Sci Health A 46(7):800–804
Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D, Newton M, Wolfe B, Karabinakis E, Clark S, Poon E, Abbett E,
Nandagopal S (2004) Water resources: agricultural and environmental issues. Bioscience 54
(10):909–918
Ra CS, Lo KV, Shin JS, Oh JS, Hong BJ (2000) Biological nutrient removal with an internal
organic carbon source in piggery wastewater treatment. Water Res 34(3):965–973
Reddy, K. R., & Smith, W. H. (1987). Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. In:
Conference on research and applications of aquatic plants for water treatment and resource
recovery, Magnolia Publishing Inc, Orlando, Fla. (USA), 1986
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2017a) Treatment of wastewater by vermifiltration integrated with
macrophyte filter: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 5(3):2274–2289
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2017b) Performance assessment of a Canna indica assisted
vermifilter for synthetic dairy wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ Prot 111:363–374
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2018a) Effect of hydraulic loading rate and pollutants degradation
kinetics in two stage hybrid macrophyte assisted vermifiltration system. Biochem Eng J
132:47–59
Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2018b) A comparative study of macrophytes influence on performance of hybrid vermifilter for dairy wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 6
(4):4714–4726
Shokouhi R, Ghobadi N, Godini K, Hadi M, Atashzaban Z (2020) Antibiotic detection in a hospital
wastewater and comparison of their removal rate by activated sludge and earthworm-based
vermifilteration: environmental risk assessment. Process Saf Environ Prot 134:169–177
Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR (2017) A mechanistic review on vermifiltration of wastewater: design,
operation and performance. J Environ Manag 197:656–672
Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR (2018) Understanding intricacies of clogging and its alleviation by
introducing earthworms in soil biofilters. Sci Total Environ 633:145–156
16
Bhavini et al.