Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR (2019a) Optimization of organics removal and understanding the
impact of HRT on vermifiltration of brewery wastewater. Sci Total Environ 651:1283–1293
Singh R, Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2019b) Vermifiltration as a sustainable natural treatment
technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater: a review. J Environ Manag 247:140–151
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Bapat P (2007) Removal of high BOD and COD loadings of primary liquid
waste products from dairy industry by vermifiltration technology using earthworms. Indian J
Environ Prot 27(6):486–501
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Chaudhari U (2008) Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous
treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional
systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist 28(4):409–420
Sinha RK, Agarwal S, Chauhan K, Chandran V, Soni BK (2010) Vermiculture technology: reviving
the dreams of sir Charles Darwin for scientific use of earthworms in sustainable development
programs. Technol Invest 1(03):155–172
Sinha RK, Chandran V, Soni BK, Patel U, Ghosh A (2012) Earthworms: nature’s chemical
managers and detoxifying agents in the environment: an innovative study on treatment of
toxic wastewaters from the petroleum industry by vermifiltration technology. Environmentalist
32(4):445–452
Speece RE (1983) Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewater treatment. Environ Sci
Technol 17(9):416A–427A
Swati A, Hait S (2018) A comprehensive review of the fate of pathogens during vermicomposting
of organic wastes. J Environ Qual 47(1):16–29
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Verma AK, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2012) A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies
for removal of colour from textile wastewaters. J Environ Manag 93(1):154–168
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ (2010a) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement
by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36(4):489–494
Wang DB, Zhang ZY, Li XM, Zheng W, Yang Q, Ding Y, Zeng GM (2010b) A full-scale treatment
of freeway toll-gate domestic sewage using ecology filter integrated constructed rapid infiltration. Ecol Eng 36(6):827–831
Wang L, Guo F, Zheng Z, Luo X, Zhang J (2011) Enhancement of rural domestic sewage treatment
performance, and assessment of microbial community diversity and structure using tower
vermifiltration. Bioresour Technol 102(20):9462–9470
Wang J, Liu XD, Lu J (2012) Urban river pollution control and remediation. Procedia Environ Sci
13:1856–1862
Wang LM, Luo XZ, Zhang YM, Lian JJ, Gao YX, Zheng Z (2013) Effect of earthworm loads on
organic matter and nutrient removal efficiencies in synthetic domestic wastewater, and on
bacterial community structure and diversity in vermifiltration. Water Sci Technol 68(1):43–49
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9(44):7513–7520
Xing M, Wang Y, Liu J, Yu F (2011) A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and
sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. J Hazard Mater 185
(2–3):881–888
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm–microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44(8):2572–2582
Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Ge Z, Hu C, Zhang H (2014) Effects of influent C/N ratios on wastewater
nutrient removal and simultaneous greenhouse gas emission from the combinations of vertical
subsurface flow constructed wetlands and earthworm eco-filters for treating synthetic wastewater. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(3):567–575
Zheng C, Zhao L, Zhou X, Fu Z, Li A (2013) Treatment technologies for organic wastewater. Water
Treat:249–286
1 Applicability of Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
17
impact of HRT on vermifiltration of brewery wastewater. Sci Total Environ 651:1283–1293
Singh R, Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2019b) Vermifiltration as a sustainable natural treatment
technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater: a review. J Environ Manag 247:140–151
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Bapat P (2007) Removal of high BOD and COD loadings of primary liquid
waste products from dairy industry by vermifiltration technology using earthworms. Indian J
Environ Prot 27(6):486–501
Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Chaudhari U (2008) Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous
treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional
systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist 28(4):409–420
Sinha RK, Agarwal S, Chauhan K, Chandran V, Soni BK (2010) Vermiculture technology: reviving
the dreams of sir Charles Darwin for scientific use of earthworms in sustainable development
programs. Technol Invest 1(03):155–172
Sinha RK, Chandran V, Soni BK, Patel U, Ghosh A (2012) Earthworms: nature’s chemical
managers and detoxifying agents in the environment: an innovative study on treatment of
toxic wastewaters from the petroleum industry by vermifiltration technology. Environmentalist
32(4):445–452
Speece RE (1983) Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewater treatment. Environ Sci
Technol 17(9):416A–427A
Swati A, Hait S (2018) A comprehensive review of the fate of pathogens during vermicomposting
of organic wastes. J Environ Qual 47(1):16–29
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Verma AK, Dash RR, Bhunia P (2012) A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies
for removal of colour from textile wastewaters. J Environ Manag 93(1):154–168
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ (2010a) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement
by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36(4):489–494
Wang DB, Zhang ZY, Li XM, Zheng W, Yang Q, Ding Y, Zeng GM (2010b) A full-scale treatment
of freeway toll-gate domestic sewage using ecology filter integrated constructed rapid infiltration. Ecol Eng 36(6):827–831
Wang L, Guo F, Zheng Z, Luo X, Zhang J (2011) Enhancement of rural domestic sewage treatment
performance, and assessment of microbial community diversity and structure using tower
vermifiltration. Bioresour Technol 102(20):9462–9470
Wang J, Liu XD, Lu J (2012) Urban river pollution control and remediation. Procedia Environ Sci
13:1856–1862
Wang LM, Luo XZ, Zhang YM, Lian JJ, Gao YX, Zheng Z (2013) Effect of earthworm loads on
organic matter and nutrient removal efficiencies in synthetic domestic wastewater, and on
bacterial community structure and diversity in vermifiltration. Water Sci Technol 68(1):43–49
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9(44):7513–7520
Xing M, Wang Y, Liu J, Yu F (2011) A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and
sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. J Hazard Mater 185
(2–3):881–888
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm–microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44(8):2572–2582
Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Ge Z, Hu C, Zhang H (2014) Effects of influent C/N ratios on wastewater
nutrient removal and simultaneous greenhouse gas emission from the combinations of vertical
subsurface flow constructed wetlands and earthworm eco-filters for treating synthetic wastewater. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(3):567–575
Zheng C, Zhao L, Zhou X, Fu Z, Li A (2013) Treatment technologies for organic wastewater. Water
Treat:249–286
1 Applicability of Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
17