faecal streptococci and E. coli by the vermifiltration technique has also been
reported. Further, the nutrient removal in an integrated macrophyte-vermifiltration
system is mainly because of uptake by macrophytes for their growth. Removal of
pollutant is highly selective on the components of vermifilter like filter media
composition, earthworm species and macrophyte employed in the process. Moreover, it is necessary to assess vermifiltration system for wastewater treatment
employing mixed cultures as diverse earthworm species co-exist in nature. The
effect of various process parameters like HLR, OLR and earthworm density during
vermifiltration is not quite clear. Extensive research is warranted to optimize different process parameters along with an optimized vermifilter design for efficient
wastewater treatment and recycling.
References
Adin A, Asano T (1998) The role of physical-chemical treatment in wastewater reclamation and
reuse. Water Sci Technol 37(10):79–90
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J (2002) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Sci,
New York
Arora S, Rajpal A, Kumar T, Bhargava R, Kazmi AA (2014) Pathogen removal during wastewater
treatment by vermifiltration. Environ Technol 35(19):2493–2499
Bezbaruah AN, Zhang TC (2005) Quantification of oxygen release by bulrush (Scirpus validus)
roots in a constructed treatment wetland. Biotechnol Bioeng 89(3):308–318
Brix H (1994) Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands. Water Sci Technol 29(4):71–78
Brown BA, Mitchell MJ (1981) Role of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida, in affecting survival of
Salmonella enteritidis ser. typhimurium. Pedobiologia 22:434–438
Chen Z, Hu S, Hu C, Huang L, Liu H, Vymazal J (2016) Preliminary investigation on the effect of
earthworm and vegetation for sludge treatment in sludge treatment reed beds system. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 23(12):11957–11963
Degremont G (1991) Water technical handbook. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris
Dhadse S, Satyanarayan S, Chaudhari PR, Wate SR (2010) Vermifilters: a tool for aerobic
biological treatment of herbal pharmaceutical wastewater. Water Sci Technol 61(9):2375–2380
Furlong C, Templeton MR, Gibson WT (2014) Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration
for improved on-site sanitation. J Water Sanit Hyg De 4(2):231–239
Ghasemi S, Mirzaie M, Hasan-Zadeh A, Ashrafnejad M, Hashemian SJ, Shahnemati SR (2019)
Design, operation, performance evaluation and mathematical optimization of a vermifiltration
pilot plan for domestic wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 103587
Ghatnekar SD, Kavian MF, Sharma SM, Ghatnekar SS, Ghatnekar GS, Ghatnekar AV (2010)
Application of vermi-filter-based effluent treatment plant (pilot scale) for biomanagement of
liquid effluents from the gelatine industry. Dynam Soil Dynam Plant 4(1):83–88
Goel PK (2006) Water pollution: causes, effects and control. New Age International
Gunadi B, Blount C, Edwards CA (2002) The growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) in
cattle solids pre-composted for different periods. Pedobiologia 46(1):15–23
Hartenstein R (1978) Utilization of soil organisms in sludge management. In: Conference proceedings. US department of commerce, national technical information services, PB286932.
Springfield, Virginia, p 171
Hughes RJ, Nair J, Ho G (2009) The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species
in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresour Technol 100(16):3815–3819
Ihssen J, Horn MA, Matthies C, Gößner A, Schramm A, Drake HL (2003) N 2 O-producing
microorganisms in the gut of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa are indicative of ingested
soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(3):1655–1661
1 Applicability of Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
15
reported. Further, the nutrient removal in an integrated macrophyte-vermifiltration
system is mainly because of uptake by macrophytes for their growth. Removal of
pollutant is highly selective on the components of vermifilter like filter media
composition, earthworm species and macrophyte employed in the process. Moreover, it is necessary to assess vermifiltration system for wastewater treatment
employing mixed cultures as diverse earthworm species co-exist in nature. The
effect of various process parameters like HLR, OLR and earthworm density during
vermifiltration is not quite clear. Extensive research is warranted to optimize different process parameters along with an optimized vermifilter design for efficient
wastewater treatment and recycling.
References
Adin A, Asano T (1998) The role of physical-chemical treatment in wastewater reclamation and
reuse. Water Sci Technol 37(10):79–90
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J (2002) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Sci,
New York
Arora S, Rajpal A, Kumar T, Bhargava R, Kazmi AA (2014) Pathogen removal during wastewater
treatment by vermifiltration. Environ Technol 35(19):2493–2499
Bezbaruah AN, Zhang TC (2005) Quantification of oxygen release by bulrush (Scirpus validus)
roots in a constructed treatment wetland. Biotechnol Bioeng 89(3):308–318
Brix H (1994) Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands. Water Sci Technol 29(4):71–78
Brown BA, Mitchell MJ (1981) Role of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida, in affecting survival of
Salmonella enteritidis ser. typhimurium. Pedobiologia 22:434–438
Chen Z, Hu S, Hu C, Huang L, Liu H, Vymazal J (2016) Preliminary investigation on the effect of
earthworm and vegetation for sludge treatment in sludge treatment reed beds system. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 23(12):11957–11963
Degremont G (1991) Water technical handbook. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris
Dhadse S, Satyanarayan S, Chaudhari PR, Wate SR (2010) Vermifilters: a tool for aerobic
biological treatment of herbal pharmaceutical wastewater. Water Sci Technol 61(9):2375–2380
Furlong C, Templeton MR, Gibson WT (2014) Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration
for improved on-site sanitation. J Water Sanit Hyg De 4(2):231–239
Ghasemi S, Mirzaie M, Hasan-Zadeh A, Ashrafnejad M, Hashemian SJ, Shahnemati SR (2019)
Design, operation, performance evaluation and mathematical optimization of a vermifiltration
pilot plan for domestic wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 103587
Ghatnekar SD, Kavian MF, Sharma SM, Ghatnekar SS, Ghatnekar GS, Ghatnekar AV (2010)
Application of vermi-filter-based effluent treatment plant (pilot scale) for biomanagement of
liquid effluents from the gelatine industry. Dynam Soil Dynam Plant 4(1):83–88
Goel PK (2006) Water pollution: causes, effects and control. New Age International
Gunadi B, Blount C, Edwards CA (2002) The growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) in
cattle solids pre-composted for different periods. Pedobiologia 46(1):15–23
Hartenstein R (1978) Utilization of soil organisms in sludge management. In: Conference proceedings. US department of commerce, national technical information services, PB286932.
Springfield, Virginia, p 171
Hughes RJ, Nair J, Ho G (2009) The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species
in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresour Technol 100(16):3815–3819
Ihssen J, Horn MA, Matthies C, Gößner A, Schramm A, Drake HL (2003) N 2 O-producing
microorganisms in the gut of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa are indicative of ingested
soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(3):1655–1661
1 Applicability of Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
15