3. Chitosan in drug delivery _____________________________________________ 21
4. Wounds and burns healing ____________________________________________ 21
5. Additional cosmetics properties ________________________________________ 24
6. Paper and textile industry ____________________________________________ 24
7. Agriculture _________________________________________________________ 25
Chapter 02 :Experimental part
I. Material _____________________________________________________________ 27
1. Biological material___________________________________________________ 27
2. Non-biological material_______________________________________________ 27
Ii. Raw material collection and processing ___________________________________ 29
1. Source of the raw material ____________________________________________ 29
2. Shell pre-treatment __________________________________________________ 29
I. Cleaning process __________________________________________________ 29
Ii. Drying process ____________________________________________________ 29
Iii. Grinding and sieving process: _______________________________________ 29
Iii. Chitin and chitosan production by chemical methods ________________________ 31
Method 01____________________________________________________________ 31
Method 02____________________________________________________________ 33
Method 03____________________________________________________________ 34
The final hybrid method ________________________________________________ 35
Iv. Chitosan derivatives production : ________________________________________ 37
Chitosan hydrochloride ________________________________________________ 37
V. Physicochemical properties of chitosan ____________________________________ 38
1. Determination of total extraction yield ________________________________ 38
2. Moisture content: _________________________________________________ 38
3. Fat binding capacity (fbc) ___________________________________________ 38
4. Water binding capacity (wbc) _______________________________________ 39
5. Protein identification_______________________________________________ 39
6. Solubility_________________________________________________________ 40
7. Viscosity _________________________________________________________ 40
8. Molecular wight ___________________________________________________ 40
9. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) _________________________ 41
10. Degree of deacetylation _____________________________________________ 41
Vi. Characterization of chitosan hydrochloride ________________________________ 42
1. Ir spectroscopy____________________________________________________ 42
2. S solution preparation ______________________________________________ 42
3. Test 01 : the a- chloride reaction _____________________________________ 42
4. Ph ______________________________________________________________ 42
5. Viscosity _________________________________________________________ 43
6. Water insoluble substance __________________________________________ 43
7. Chlorides : 10-20% ________________________________________________ 43