Table 4
Non-chromatographic methods for determination of synthetic pyrethroid metabolites in human urine
Format
Analytes
Sample
volume
(mL)
Sample
preparation
Antibodies
Competitive
hapten
Cross-reactivity
a
Detection
Recovery
(urine, %)
IC
50
(ng/mL)
Sensitivity
(ng/mL)
Ref.
Immunoassays
Indirect competitive ELISA
cis-/
DCCAglycine
0.5
SPE (C18),
elution with
EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
cis-hapten
5
b
-BSA
cis-DCCA-glycine
28%,
trans-DCCA
0.44%, permethrin 0.04%, glycine
<0.01%, 3PBAG
<0.01%
c
UV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
65–123
1.24
(buffer)
LOQ: 1
(urine)
[38]
Luminescent paramagnetic particlebased
immunoassay
3PBA
0.5
Mixed-mode
SPE
(C8 + SAX),
elution with
1% acetic
acid in 70:30
Hex/EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
(on a paramagnetic
particle)
Acridinium
ester-labeled
3PBA-BSA
4OH3PBA 126%, FPBA
72%,3PBAG 2.4%, 3PBAlc
0.8%, 3PBAlc-Gluc 0.2%
Luminometric 77–121
0.1
(buffer)
LOD: 0.01
(IC
10 ,
buffer)
[52]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBA
0.5
Mixed-mode
SPE
(C8 + SAX),
elution with
1% acetic
acid in 70:30
Hex/EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBA-BSA
4OH3PBA 103%, 3phenoxybenzaldehyde 75%,
FPBA 72%
UV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
93.7–
136.5
0.77
(buffer)
LOQ: 2
(IC
20 ,
urine)
[39]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBA
10
LLE (DCM)
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBA-BSA
FPBA 72%
UV-VIS
(450 nm)
70–117
1.5
(urine)
LOD: 0.1
(urine)
[40]
Direct competitive
fluorescence
enzyme
immunoassay
3PBA
0.05
Dilution with
buffer (20fold)
Anti-analyte:
Nb-AP fusion
protein
3PBA-BSA
3-phenoxybenzaldehyde
22.6%, 3PBAlc
<0.01%,
permethrin
<0.01%,
cypermethrin
<0.01%,
deltamethrin
<0.01%,
fenpropathrin
<0.01%,
phenothrin
<0.01%
Fluorometric
(440/550 nm)
84–109
0.082
(buffer)
LOD:
0.011
(buffer)
[47]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBAlcGluc
0.05
Dilution
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBAlcGluc-BSA
3PBAG 0.21%, 3PBA
0.16%, 4-hydroxybenzoic
acid
<0.06%, p-nitrophenyl
glucuronide
<0.06%, cisUV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
>86
0.5
(urine)
LOD: 0.1
(urine)
[41]
72
B. Wielgomas et al.
Non-chromatographic methods for determination of synthetic pyrethroid metabolites in human urine
Format
Analytes
Sample
volume
(mL)
Sample
preparation
Antibodies
Competitive
hapten
Cross-reactivity
a
Detection
Recovery
(urine, %)
IC
50
(ng/mL)
Sensitivity
(ng/mL)
Ref.
Immunoassays
Indirect competitive ELISA
cis-/
DCCAglycine
0.5
SPE (C18),
elution with
EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
cis-hapten
5
b
-BSA
cis-DCCA-glycine
28%,
trans-DCCA
0.44%, permethrin 0.04%, glycine
<0.01%, 3PBAG
<0.01%
c
UV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
65–123
1.24
(buffer)
LOQ: 1
(urine)
[38]
Luminescent paramagnetic particlebased
immunoassay
3PBA
0.5
Mixed-mode
SPE
(C8 + SAX),
elution with
1% acetic
acid in 70:30
Hex/EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
(on a paramagnetic
particle)
Acridinium
ester-labeled
3PBA-BSA
4OH3PBA 126%, FPBA
72%,3PBAG 2.4%, 3PBAlc
0.8%, 3PBAlc-Gluc 0.2%
Luminometric 77–121
0.1
(buffer)
LOD: 0.01
(IC
10 ,
buffer)
[52]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBA
0.5
Mixed-mode
SPE
(C8 + SAX),
elution with
1% acetic
acid in 70:30
Hex/EtAc
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBA-BSA
4OH3PBA 103%, 3phenoxybenzaldehyde 75%,
FPBA 72%
UV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
93.7–
136.5
0.77
(buffer)
LOQ: 2
(IC
20 ,
urine)
[39]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBA
10
LLE (DCM)
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBA-BSA
FPBA 72%
UV-VIS
(450 nm)
70–117
1.5
(urine)
LOD: 0.1
(urine)
[40]
Direct competitive
fluorescence
enzyme
immunoassay
3PBA
0.05
Dilution with
buffer (20fold)
Anti-analyte:
Nb-AP fusion
protein
3PBA-BSA
3-phenoxybenzaldehyde
22.6%, 3PBAlc
<0.01%,
permethrin
<0.01%,
cypermethrin
<0.01%,
deltamethrin
<0.01%,
fenpropathrin
<0.01%,
phenothrin
<0.01%
Fluorometric
(440/550 nm)
84–109
0.082
(buffer)
LOD:
0.011
(buffer)
[47]
Indirect competitive ELISA
3PBAlcGluc
0.05
Dilution
Primary: pAb
(rabbit)
Secondary:
GAR-HRP
3PBAlcGluc-BSA
3PBAG 0.21%, 3PBA
0.16%, 4-hydroxybenzoic
acid
<0.06%, p-nitrophenyl
glucuronide
<0.06%, cisUV-VIS
(450–650 nm)
>86
0.5
(urine)
LOD: 0.1
(urine)
[41]
72
B. Wielgomas et al.