peer problems,
hyperactivity/inattention, total difficulties)
(questionnaire completed by parents)
95% CI
¼ 2.0; 1.1–
3.6), stronger for
boys. Nonsignificant
association with
trans-DCCA
(OR
¼ 1.6; 0.9–3.0)
No association with
high scores on
dimension scales
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Richardson
et al., 2015
[66]
USA
Cross-sectional
study
Subset from the
NHANES
1999–2002
2,123 children (6–
15 years of age)
Child spot urine
sample
3-PBA (detected vs
not detected)
ADHD (parentreported diagnosis)
The prevalence of
ADHD was higher in
children with detectable 3-PBA than in
those with
non-detectable level
(adjusted OR; 95%
CI
¼ 2.3; 1.4–3.9)
WagnerSchuman
et al., 2015
[67]
USA
Cross-sectional
study
Subset from the
NHANES
2001–2002
687 children (8–
15 years of age)
Child spot urine
sample
3-PBA
ADHD (caregiver
reports and/or meeting Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders-IV)
The prevalence of
ADHD was higher in
children with detectable 3-PBA than in
those with
non-detectable level
(adjusted OR; 95%
CI
¼ 2.42; 1.06–
5.57)
Higher 3-PBA levels
associated with an
increasing number of
hyperactive(continued)
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291