Postnatal exposure
Van Wendel
de Joode
et al., 2016
[62]
Costa Rica
Cross-sectional
2007
140 children (6–
9 years of age)
Child spot urine sample on the day of tests
(n
¼ 140)
Repeated urine samples from 40 of these
children
3-PBA (207 samples) Neurobehavioral tests
by psychometricians
(outcomes: intellectual ability with
WISC-IV; behavioral
problems including
ADHD; sensory
function by color discrimination; perception and memory, i.e.,
visuospatial construction and visual memory, verbal memory,
and learning abilities;
motor function, i.e.,
visual-motor coordination,
fine motor
functioning, and psychomotor speed)
Higher 3-PBA levels
associated with
poorer processing
speed scores, particularly in girls
No other association
Wang et al.,
2016
[63]
China
Cross-sectional
Period not
indicated
406 children (3–
6 years of age)
Child spot urine sample (<1 week interval
between urine collection and behavioral
testing)
3-PBA (36%
> LOD) Neurobehavioral tests
by trained technicians
(outcomes: verbal
discrimination, logical thinking ability,
calculation, language
and concentration
abilities, some
assessed with part of
Wechsler preschool
and primary scale of
intelligence)
Negative association
between multiple
intellectual abilities
and 3-PBA levels
(affected abilities
different when
3-PBA was used as
continuous or
dichotomous
variable)
(continued)
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