0.008–0.037
μg/L,
OR; 95% CI
¼ 1.91;
0.80–4.57 for
3-PBA
! 0.038
μg/
L)
High trans-DCCA
levels (!0.134
μg/L)
at childhood
associated with reduced
externalizing disorders (no current
explanation)
Fluegge
et al., 2016
[59]
USA
Longitudinal birth
cohort study
2002–2005
118 mother-child
pairs
Spot urine sample
collected from the
mother during the
second and third trimester of pregnancy
and
from the infant at
2 months of age
Metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, cisand trans-DCCA)
Neurodevelopment
assessment at
3 months of age
(BSID-II, motor and
mental assessments)
Significant association between levels
of pyrethroid metabolites (i.e., 3-PBA
and trans-DCCA)
during the third trimester of pregnancy
and infant mental
development (opposite effects: negative
and positive influences, respectively)
Effects retained
when controlling for
concurrent infant
exposure at 3 months
of age
Watkins
et al., 2016
Longitudinal birth
cohort study
187 mother-child
pairs
Maternal spot urine
sample collected
3-PBA (46%
> LOD) Neurodevelopment
assessment at 24 and
36 months of age
No association
between 3-PBA
levels and PDI
(continued)
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
287