Huang et al.,
2016
[48]
China
Cross-sectional
study
2012
218 farmers
Information recorded
by the farmers
Exposure estimates
based on the amount
(kg) of pesticide
active ingredients
applied by the farmers
Pyrethroids (class)
Short-term exposure
¼ 0.01 kg and
medium-term exposure
¼ 0.07 kg
(means)
Peripheral nerve conduction (e.g., motor
and sensory conduction velocity, upper
and lower limbs)
Only association
between decreased
sensory nerve action
potential amplitude of
the ulna nerve and
medium-term pyrethroid exposure
Effects much slighter
than those observed
with organophosphates and were considered marginal [49]
Campos
et al., 2016
[50]
Brazil
Cross-sectional
study
2011–2012
869 adults (89%
working/worked at
some time in
agriculture)
Self-reported
exposure
Pyrethroids (class)
(use/no use, time of
use: up to 5 years, or
!6 years)
Common mental disorders (self-reporting
questionnaire and selfreported depression
prior diagnosis by a
health professional)
Self-reported depression positively associated with use of
pyrethroids (OR; 95%
CI
¼ 1.80; 1.01–4.70)
No association when
taking into account
the time of use
Furlong
et al., 2015
[51]
USA
Case-control
study (Farming
and Movement
Evaluation
(FAME) study)
Nested within
the AHS
2002–2008
69 cases and 237 controls among pesticide
applicators (94%
males) (16 and
39 permethrin users,
respectively)
Self-reported exposure during the 1980s/
1990s
Permethrin
Three categories:
<50% glove use,
!50% glove use,
other personal
protection
Parkinson’s disease
(PD) (self-reported or
from state mortality
files, neurologists
examined living
suspected cases and
5% of controls,
remaining controls
examined by trained
technicians)
Association between
permethrin and PD in
nonusers of gloves
(OR; 95% CI
¼ 4.3;
1.2–15.6), but not
among protective
glove users
Motsoeneng
et al., 2015
211 rural women
(121 farm workers
Spot urine samples
Metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, cisNo association with
3-PBA and 4-F-3-PBA
(continued)
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
281
2016
[48]
China
Cross-sectional
study
2012
218 farmers
Information recorded
by the farmers
Exposure estimates
based on the amount
(kg) of pesticide
active ingredients
applied by the farmers
Pyrethroids (class)
Short-term exposure
¼ 0.01 kg and
medium-term exposure
¼ 0.07 kg
(means)
Peripheral nerve conduction (e.g., motor
and sensory conduction velocity, upper
and lower limbs)
Only association
between decreased
sensory nerve action
potential amplitude of
the ulna nerve and
medium-term pyrethroid exposure
Effects much slighter
than those observed
with organophosphates and were considered marginal [49]
Campos
et al., 2016
[50]
Brazil
Cross-sectional
study
2011–2012
869 adults (89%
working/worked at
some time in
agriculture)
Self-reported
exposure
Pyrethroids (class)
(use/no use, time of
use: up to 5 years, or
!6 years)
Common mental disorders (self-reporting
questionnaire and selfreported depression
prior diagnosis by a
health professional)
Self-reported depression positively associated with use of
pyrethroids (OR; 95%
CI
¼ 1.80; 1.01–4.70)
No association when
taking into account
the time of use
Furlong
et al., 2015
[51]
USA
Case-control
study (Farming
and Movement
Evaluation
(FAME) study)
Nested within
the AHS
2002–2008
69 cases and 237 controls among pesticide
applicators (94%
males) (16 and
39 permethrin users,
respectively)
Self-reported exposure during the 1980s/
1990s
Permethrin
Three categories:
<50% glove use,
!50% glove use,
other personal
protection
Parkinson’s disease
(PD) (self-reported or
from state mortality
files, neurologists
examined living
suspected cases and
5% of controls,
remaining controls
examined by trained
technicians)
Association between
permethrin and PD in
nonusers of gloves
(OR; 95% CI
¼ 4.3;
1.2–15.6), but not
among protective
glove users
Motsoeneng
et al., 2015
211 rural women
(121 farm workers
Spot urine samples
Metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, cisNo association with
3-PBA and 4-F-3-PBA
(continued)
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
281