Table 5
(continued)
Reference
and study
Location
Design
Study dates
Population sample
size
Exposure assessment
Pesticides/
metabolites
Outcomes of interest
Main pyrethroid
findings
[46]
USA
Agricultural
Health Study
(AHS)
2013–2015
(specific prodromal
symptom of
Parkinson’s disease) + motor (shake
or tremble limbs) and
non-motor (e.g., infrequent bowel movement) symptoms of
Parkinson’s disease
(PD)
1.2–1.6 for poultry/
livestock; 1.2, 1.0–1.4
for crops; 1.3, 1.1–1.5
pooled)
Hansen
et al., 2017
[47]
Bolivia
Cross-sectional
study
2012
58 spray men using
only pyrethroids and
62 spray men using
various pesticides
Self-reported
exposure
Use of pyrethroids
only
Spraying duration
(years), intensity
(hours/week), cumulative spraying (total
hours of exposure)
Subjective central nervous system (CNS)
symptoms (selfreported)
Neuromotor and
neurocognitive performance tests (using
computerized BARS
and CATSYS)
No association with
neuromotor performance
High-level pyrethroid
exposure associated
with reduced cognitive performance and
with reporting more
CNS symptoms (e.g.,
headache, dizziness;
not significant), compared with low level
of exposure
Workers only
exposed to pyrethroids performed
worse than workers
also exposed to other
pesticides
280
A.-M. Saillenfait and S. Malard