Highest odd ratio with
the highest level of use
for permethrin (13–
365 days)
Zeta cypermethrin
associated with allergic
wheeze (OR; 95%
CI
¼ 2.02; 1.24–3.30)
Highest use of permethrin (13–365 days)
associated with allergic
and non-allergic
wheeze, with the
highest OR (OR; 95%
CI
¼ 1.79; 1.05–3.04,
and 1.76; 1.30–2.39),
respectively
Koureas
et al., 2017
[6]
Greece
Cross-sectional study
Presumably
2010
Pesticide
sprayers in
farms (n
¼ 80)
and general
population
(n
¼ 90)
Self-reported use
Pyrethroids (class)
(two indicators
I: number of applications/year and total
years applying pesticides
II: I + total area spread
throughout the lifespan)
Allergic rhinitis and
rheumatoid arthritis
(self-reported)
Association between
lifetime exposure to
pyrethroids and allergic
rhinitis
Quansah
et al., 2016
[7]
Ghana
Cross-sectional study
Period not
indicated
300 farmers
(74% men)
Self-reported use
(n
¼ 300) and spot urine
(n
¼ 100)
Cypermethrin and
lambda cyhalothrin in
urine
Respiratory symptoms
(chronic cough, wheezing, phlegm production,
breathlessness) (selfreported)
No association
Lu et al.,
2015
Part of a randomized
90 mother and
child pairs
Users of insecticidetreated bed nets (ITN)
Rhinitis, cough (selfreported) (frequency of
No differences in the
frequency and duration
(continued)
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
263