Table 3 Indoor pyrethroid air concentrations
Study and location
Pyrethroids measured
Range detected and frequency of
detection
Yoshida et al. [42] (Japan)
Sampled after mosquito
clothes repellent used
Empenthrin
2.3 ng/m
3
Profluthrin
1 ng/m
3
Sampled after mosquito
electrical repellent used
Day
Night
Prallethrin
34 ng/m
3
37 ng/m
3
Furamethrin
39 ng/m
3
24 ng/m
3
Allethrin
148 ng/m
3
122 ng/m
3
Furamethrin
5 ng/m
3
4.1 ng/m
3
Transfluthrin
12 ng/m
3
9.2 ng/m
3
Prallethrin
69 ng/m
3
23 ng/m
3
Metofluthrin
0.24 ng/m
3
0.15 ng/m
3
Leng et al. [43] (Germany) Cypermethrin
ND–934 ng/m
3 (frequency
9.4%)
Bradman et al. [37]
(California, USA)
cis-Allethrin
<21–63 ng/m
3 (frequency 15%)
trans-Allethrin
<2–61 ng/m
3 (frequency 15%)
Bifenthrin
1–3.1 ng/m
3 (frequency 5%)
Cyfluthrin
<100
λ-Cyhalothrin
<10
Cypermethrin
<100–310 ng/m
3 (frequency
5%)
Deltamethrin
<50
Esfenvalerate
<25
cis-Permethrin
<2–8.2 ng/m
3 (frequency 40%)
trans-Permethrin
<2–11 ng/m
3 (frequency 16%)
Resmethrin
<2
Sumithrin
<2–96 ng/m
3 (frequency 10%)
Tetramethrin
<4
Le et al. [10] (Korea)
After mosquito coil used
During
application
12 h post
Dimefluthrin windows open
503–549 ng/m
3
0.1–1. Ng/m
3
Dimefluthrin windows closed 454–781 ng/m
3
34–46 ng/m
3
After mosquito liquid
vaporizer
Dimefluthrin
193–346 ng/m
3
116–181 ng/
m
3
After mosquito vaporizing mat
Allethrin
15,100–
24,300 ng/m
3
310–1,570 ng/
m
3
After mosquito aerosol spray
Allethrin
170–270 ng/m
3
21–74 ng/m
3
Cypermethrin
21.7–36 ng/m
3
0.5–0.6 ng/m
3
Transfluthrin
16.5–48.3 ng/
m
3
3.5–9.5 ng/m
3
(continued)
236
C. P. Weisel