Table 2 Outdoor pyrethroid air concentrations
Study and location
Pyrethroids measured
Range detected and frequency of
detection
Blanchard et al. [35] (France)
Bifenthrin
ND–2.9 ng/m
3
cis-Permethrin
ND–8.0 ng/m
3
Morgan et al. [36] (Ohio, USA) Permethrin
In 18% of samples >1 ng ng/m
3
Li et al. [10] (China)
Cypermethrin particles 0.218 Æ 0.369 ng/m
3 (1.3 max)
Cypermethrin vapor
0.010 Æ 0.003 ng/m
3 (0.015 max)
Total pyrethroid
particulate
0.352 Æ 0.443 ng/m
3 (1.8 max)
Total pyrethroid vapor 0.061 Æ 0.051 ng/m
3 (0.1 max)
Bradman et al. [37] (CA, USA) cis-Allethrin
<21
trans-Allethrin
<2
Bifenthrin
<1
Cyfluthrin
<100
λ-Cyhalothrin
<10
Cypermethrin
<100
Deltamethrin
<50
Esfenvalerate
<25
cis-Permethrin
ND–8.0 ng/m
3 (frequency 30%)
trans-Permethrin
<2
Resmethrin
<2
Sumithrin
<2
Tetramethrin
<4
Morgan [38] (North Carolina,
USA)
Cyfluthrin
ND
cis-Permethrin
ND–1.62 ng/m
3 (frequency 16%)
trans-Permethrin
ND–1.01 ng/m
3 (frequency 16%)
Cyfluthrin
ND
cis-Permethrin
ND–0.45 ng/m
3 (frequency 39%)
trans-Permethrin
ND–0.34 ng/m
3 (frequency 39%)
Tulve et al. [39] (USA)
cis-Allethrin
ND
trans-Allethrin
ND
Bifenthrin
ND
λ-Cyhalothrin
ND
Cyfluthrin
ND
Cypermethrin
ND–19 ng/m
3 (frequency 22%)
Deltamethrin
ND
Esfenvalerate
ND
cis-Permethrin
ND–2.3 ng/m
3 (frequency 100%)
trans-Permethrin
ND–10 ng/m
3 (frequency 100%)
Pyrethrin I
ND
Pyrethrin II
ND
Sumithrin
ND
Tetramethrin
ND–0.15 ng/m
3 (frequency 33%)
Piperonyl butoxide
ND–3.1 ng/m
3 (frequency 100%)
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations
235