Table 3 (continued)
Study and location
Pyrethroids measured
Range detected and frequency of
detection
Blanchard et al. [35]
(France)
Particles
Cypermethrin
<0.2–0.28 ng/m
3 (frequency
3%)
Permethrin
<0.002–1.5 ng/m
3 (frequency
40%)
Tetramethrin
<0.002–85.0 ng/m
3 (frequency
27%)
Vapor phase <0.6 ng/m
3 (not
detected)
Nazimek et al. [41]
(Poland)
Transfluthrin
1.3–2.4 ng/m
3 gel formulation
3.8–5.2 ng/m
3 liquid formulation
ND 28–18 h later
Pentamwa et al. [44]
(Bangkok, Thailand)
Sum pyrethroids
Home sprayed 1 per week
0.09–2.0 ng/m
3
Home sprayed 1 per month
0.01–0.04 ng/m
3
Home sprayed 1 per 6 months ND
Wyatt et al. [45] (New York
City, USA)
Indoor air
Personal air
Piperonyl butoxide
<0.2–608 ng/
m
3 (46%)
0.2–98.2 ng/
m
3 (61%)
trans-Permethrin
<0.1–164 ng/
m
3 (14%)
<0.1–7.5 ng/
m
3 (15%)
cis-Permethrin
<0.4–125 ng/
m
3 (17%)
<0.4–9.4 ng/
m
3 (13%)
Tulve et al. [39] (USA)
cis-Allethrin
ND–74 ng/m
3 (frequency 33%)
trans-Allethrin
ND–38 ng/m
3 (frequency 33%)
Bifenthrin
ND–4 ng/m
3 (frequency 11%)
λ-Cyhalothrin
ND–5.5 ng/m
3 (frequency 11%)
Cyfluthrin
ND
Cypermethrin
ND–100 ng/m
3 (frequency 22%)
Deltamethrin
ND
Esfenvalerate
ND–0.32
cis-Permethrin
ND–92 ng/m
3 (frequency 89%median 2.0)
trans-Permethrin
ND–130 ng/m
3 (frequency 89%median 3.1)
Pyrethrin I
ND–12 ng/m
3 (frequency 44%)
Pyrethrin II
ND–0.91 ng/m
3 (frequency
11%)
Sumithrin (d-phenothrin)
ND–4.2 ng/m
3 (frequency 11%)
Tetramethrin
ND–63 ng/m
3 (frequency 22%)
Piperonyl butoxide
ND–378 ng/m
3 (frequency 89%median 7.4)
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations
237