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131. Brausch JM, Smith PN (2009) Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among
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132. Reid MC, McKenzie FE (2016) The contribution of agricultural insecticide use to increasing
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BF02173204
136. Martinez-Arguelles D, Chandre F, Williamson MS, Darriet F, Berge JB, Devonshire AL,
Guillet P, Pasteur N, Pauron D (1998) Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown
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(2):179–184. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x
137. Dognon SR, Dognon HR, Abdou Karim AY, Scippo ML, Adbdou Karim IY (2018) The use of
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138. Burton MJ, Mellor IR, Duce IR, Davies TG, Field LM, Williamson MS (2011) Differential
resistance of insect sodium channels with kdr mutations to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41(9):723–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.05.004
139. Kudom AA, Anane LN, Afoakwah R, Adokoh CK (2018) Relating high insecticide residues in
larval breeding habitats in urban residential areas to the selection of pyrethroid resistance in
Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Akim Oda, Ghana. J Med Entomol 55
(2):490–495. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx223
140. Stehle S, Schulz R (2015) Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(18):5750–5755. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500232112
141. Chouaibou M, Etang J, Brevault T, Nwane P, Hinzoumbe CK, Mimpfoundi R, Simard F
(2008) Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from
an area of extensive cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon. Tropical Med Int Health 13
(4):476–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02025.x
142. Soderlund DM, Knipple DC (2003) The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to
pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33(6):563–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/
s0965-1748(03)00023-7
143. Toft JD, Simenstad CA, Cordell JR, Grimaldo LF (2003) The effects of introduced water
hyacinth on habitat structure, invertebrate assemblages, and fish diets. Estuaries 26
(3):746–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02711985
144. Brown PW, Fredrickson LH (1986) Food habits of breeding white-winged scoters. Can J Zool
64:1652–1654. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-248
145. Carletto J, Martin T, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F, Brevault T (2010) Insecticide resistance traits
differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii. Pest Manag Sci 66(3):301–307. https://
doi.org/10.1002/ps.1874
146. Alon M, Benting J, Lueke B, Ponge T, Alon F, Morin S (2006) Multiple origins of pyrethroid
resistance in sympatric biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Biochem
Mol Biol 36(1):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.10.007
The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New. . .
145
resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its implications in mode
of action considerations. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36(11):869–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ibmb.2006.08.005
131. Brausch JM, Smith PN (2009) Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among
Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology 18(5):600–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0318-1
132. Reid MC, McKenzie FE (2016) The contribution of agricultural insecticide use to increasing
insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors. Malar J 15:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s12936-016-1162-4
133. World Health Organization (1985) Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of disease to pesticides: tenth report of the WHO expert committee on vector biology and control. WHO
technical report series, vol no. 737. Geneva
134. Environmental Protection Agency (2017) Persistent organic pollutants: a global issue, a global
response.
https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/persistent-organic-pollutantsglobal-issue-global-response. Accessed 29 Jul 2019
135. Williamson MS, Martinez-Torres D, Hick CA, Devonshire AL (1996) Identification of
mutations in the housefly para-type sodium channel gene associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Mol Gen Genet 252:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02173204
136. Martinez-Arguelles D, Chandre F, Williamson MS, Darriet F, Berge JB, Devonshire AL,
Guillet P, Pasteur N, Pauron D (1998) Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown
resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Mol Biol 7
(2):179–184. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x
137. Dognon SR, Dognon HR, Abdou Karim AY, Scippo ML, Adbdou Karim IY (2018) The use of
pesticides in agriculture in North-East Benin. IJAAR 12(6):48–63
138. Burton MJ, Mellor IR, Duce IR, Davies TG, Field LM, Williamson MS (2011) Differential
resistance of insect sodium channels with kdr mutations to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41(9):723–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.05.004
139. Kudom AA, Anane LN, Afoakwah R, Adokoh CK (2018) Relating high insecticide residues in
larval breeding habitats in urban residential areas to the selection of pyrethroid resistance in
Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Akim Oda, Ghana. J Med Entomol 55
(2):490–495. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx223
140. Stehle S, Schulz R (2015) Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(18):5750–5755. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500232112
141. Chouaibou M, Etang J, Brevault T, Nwane P, Hinzoumbe CK, Mimpfoundi R, Simard F
(2008) Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from
an area of extensive cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon. Tropical Med Int Health 13
(4):476–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02025.x
142. Soderlund DM, Knipple DC (2003) The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to
pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33(6):563–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/
s0965-1748(03)00023-7
143. Toft JD, Simenstad CA, Cordell JR, Grimaldo LF (2003) The effects of introduced water
hyacinth on habitat structure, invertebrate assemblages, and fish diets. Estuaries 26
(3):746–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02711985
144. Brown PW, Fredrickson LH (1986) Food habits of breeding white-winged scoters. Can J Zool
64:1652–1654. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-248
145. Carletto J, Martin T, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F, Brevault T (2010) Insecticide resistance traits
differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii. Pest Manag Sci 66(3):301–307. https://
doi.org/10.1002/ps.1874
146. Alon M, Benting J, Lueke B, Ponge T, Alon F, Morin S (2006) Multiple origins of pyrethroid
resistance in sympatric biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Biochem
Mol Biol 36(1):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.10.007
The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New. . .
145