28 Population Exposure to Emissions from Industry …
181
Fig. 28.2 Total averaged annual PM 2.5 concentration (left) and relative source contributions for
industry, residential heating, shipping activities and traffic (right) in Hamburg 2012, calculated with
the TAPM model
impact of each sector to the overall air quality is identified and the spatial distribution
of each sectors contribution can be estimated.
The PM 2.5 concentration maxima (up to 33 µg/m
3 ) in the Hamburg area are mainly
located south-west of the city-centre in the port and industrial area of Hamburg
but also in nearby residential areas. These hotspot areas are mainly influenced by
concentrations resulting from industrial emission sources (about 40%). In addition,
with up to 30% shipping contributes significantly to the high concentrations in this
area. Traffic related PM 2.5 concentrations are very low in these hotspots and are
concentrated around highways and in the city centre, with contribution patterns of
high impact in the city centre (30%) and decreasing impacts towards the outskirts
(10%). The residential heating contributions to the annual average focus on the
Northern residential areas of Hamburg with maximum 15%. Except from hotspots,
the total averaged contribution of all local emission sources to PM 2.5 concentrations
accounts for 70% of the total PM 2.5 concentrations. The remaining 30% are mainly
due to long-range transport (Fig. 28.2).
28.5 PM 2.5 Exposure to Industry, Traffic, Shipping
and Residential Heating
Based on the simulated PM 2.5 concentrations on 500 × 500 m
2 grid, the exposure of
population has been calculated by multiplying the concentration grids with gridded
population density on a 100 × 100 m
2 resolution. Highest individual exposure occurs
in areas with high population density, which are in the city-centre as well as in the
residential areas in the South of Hamburg. By analyzing the exposure, it becomes
clear, that the pollution hot spots in the South-West of Hamburg are not populated.
181
Fig. 28.2 Total averaged annual PM 2.5 concentration (left) and relative source contributions for
industry, residential heating, shipping activities and traffic (right) in Hamburg 2012, calculated with
the TAPM model
impact of each sector to the overall air quality is identified and the spatial distribution
of each sectors contribution can be estimated.
The PM 2.5 concentration maxima (up to 33 µg/m
3 ) in the Hamburg area are mainly
located south-west of the city-centre in the port and industrial area of Hamburg
but also in nearby residential areas. These hotspot areas are mainly influenced by
concentrations resulting from industrial emission sources (about 40%). In addition,
with up to 30% shipping contributes significantly to the high concentrations in this
area. Traffic related PM 2.5 concentrations are very low in these hotspots and are
concentrated around highways and in the city centre, with contribution patterns of
high impact in the city centre (30%) and decreasing impacts towards the outskirts
(10%). The residential heating contributions to the annual average focus on the
Northern residential areas of Hamburg with maximum 15%. Except from hotspots,
the total averaged contribution of all local emission sources to PM 2.5 concentrations
accounts for 70% of the total PM 2.5 concentrations. The remaining 30% are mainly
due to long-range transport (Fig. 28.2).
28.5 PM 2.5 Exposure to Industry, Traffic, Shipping
and Residential Heating
Based on the simulated PM 2.5 concentrations on 500 × 500 m
2 grid, the exposure of
population has been calculated by multiplying the concentration grids with gridded
population density on a 100 × 100 m
2 resolution. Highest individual exposure occurs
in areas with high population density, which are in the city-centre as well as in the
residential areas in the South of Hamburg. By analyzing the exposure, it becomes
clear, that the pollution hot spots in the South-West of Hamburg are not populated.