Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing …
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regional stations, and 4 researches, extension and training centers of excellence,
ARC contributed significantly to the agricultural production in Egypt. ARC accomplishments include development of new varieties, improved agronomic practices,
livestock development, maintenance of the national herds and better food processing
techniques. The ultimate goal is to maximize the economic return per unit of land
and water. However despite the numerous research institutions and the availability
of a great number of distinguished agricultural researchers, it has not so far been
possible to make appropriate use of this human resource wealth [45].
6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate
Change Related Impact on Egypt
Because of its dependence on the River Nile and the agricultural activities that require
access to climatic data that impact the natural flow of the Nile as well as seasonal
rainfall, Egypt has a long history in dealing with natural meteorological observations. Since 1933 the General Authority for Meteorology has been operating through
a network of 112 ground stations and air stations to monitor air pollution and cosmic radiation, 26 meteorological stations for monitoring agricultural climate are
connected to international networks.
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is operating 47 stations to monitor air pollution in Cairo, Alexandria and the capitals of the governorates of the Delta,
Upper Egypt and Central Egypt as well as the major cities. No doubt Greenhouse
gases are a part of the elements of pollution monitored by these stations, except ozone
gas, which is monitored by a limited number of stations. Furthermore, the Institute
for Higher Studies on the Environment, in the University of Alexandria, monitors the
shores of the Mediterranean Sea, while the National Institute of Oceanography and
Fisheries monitors the shores of the Red Sea. The Faculty of Science in Ain Shams
University controls the quality of samples analyzed by both agencies, including the
bacteriological and physical, chemical and trophozoite elements. The Environmental Affairs Agency publishes this data on a special website related to all elements
including the temperature of the sea water surface.
The National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS) has
been monitoring the earth since 2007 through Egypt’s Satellite “Egypt Sat 1”, The
National Authority for Remote Sensing has also set up a station to receive data
coming from satellites of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), the French earth observation satellites (SPOT), and others.
In the field of agro-climatic meteorology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation (MALR) oversees the operation of 26 agro-climatic stations as well as
two environmental meteorological stations, but most of these stations need maintenance and calibration. As regards to wave height monitoring, the setup of relevant
measurement devices began in the port of Alexandria in 1944, the mouth of Rasheed
Branch in 1964, Lake Burullus in 1972, the mouth of the Damietta branch in 1990,
71
regional stations, and 4 researches, extension and training centers of excellence,
ARC contributed significantly to the agricultural production in Egypt. ARC accomplishments include development of new varieties, improved agronomic practices,
livestock development, maintenance of the national herds and better food processing
techniques. The ultimate goal is to maximize the economic return per unit of land
and water. However despite the numerous research institutions and the availability
of a great number of distinguished agricultural researchers, it has not so far been
possible to make appropriate use of this human resource wealth [45].
6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate
Change Related Impact on Egypt
Because of its dependence on the River Nile and the agricultural activities that require
access to climatic data that impact the natural flow of the Nile as well as seasonal
rainfall, Egypt has a long history in dealing with natural meteorological observations. Since 1933 the General Authority for Meteorology has been operating through
a network of 112 ground stations and air stations to monitor air pollution and cosmic radiation, 26 meteorological stations for monitoring agricultural climate are
connected to international networks.
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is operating 47 stations to monitor air pollution in Cairo, Alexandria and the capitals of the governorates of the Delta,
Upper Egypt and Central Egypt as well as the major cities. No doubt Greenhouse
gases are a part of the elements of pollution monitored by these stations, except ozone
gas, which is monitored by a limited number of stations. Furthermore, the Institute
for Higher Studies on the Environment, in the University of Alexandria, monitors the
shores of the Mediterranean Sea, while the National Institute of Oceanography and
Fisheries monitors the shores of the Red Sea. The Faculty of Science in Ain Shams
University controls the quality of samples analyzed by both agencies, including the
bacteriological and physical, chemical and trophozoite elements. The Environmental Affairs Agency publishes this data on a special website related to all elements
including the temperature of the sea water surface.
The National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS) has
been monitoring the earth since 2007 through Egypt’s Satellite “Egypt Sat 1”, The
National Authority for Remote Sensing has also set up a station to receive data
coming from satellites of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), the French earth observation satellites (SPOT), and others.
In the field of agro-climatic meteorology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation (MALR) oversees the operation of 26 agro-climatic stations as well as
two environmental meteorological stations, but most of these stations need maintenance and calibration. As regards to wave height monitoring, the setup of relevant
measurement devices began in the port of Alexandria in 1944, the mouth of Rasheed
Branch in 1964, Lake Burullus in 1972, the mouth of the Damietta branch in 1990,