70
M. A. S. Abdel Monem and I. A. El Ghandour
climate on ruminant production that may arise from reduced grassland or crop production, further more selecting plants with low water needs or high resistance to water
shortages, and high resistance to emerging pathogens. Also, increasing surveillance
and developing preventive tools (i.e. vaccines) for the control of emerging animal
diseases would also be crucial to coping with climate change and its impact on
farmed ruminants. Finally, adaptation options include developing and implementing
meteorological warning systems and insurance systems, which are needed to reduce
the impact of severe weather events and prevent loss of livestock [43].
In the field of Sustainable ruminant feeding there have been many scientific and
technological advances in such as precision livestock feeding, identification and characterization of new feed resources, the reutilization of agricultural industry residues
and biotechnologies for animal feed and animal feeding. Also a rediscovery and reevaluation of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, regarding food quality aspects
and the maintenance of ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration, land landscape maintenance, and biodiversity enhancement). The goals of precision feeding
are to increase production efficiency and profitability, reduce environmental impact,
improve product quality and safety, and improve animal health and well-being [44].
Regarding the animal breeding: In addition to meeting the growing demand for animal products, animal breeders will have to address climate change challenges to
ensure the socioeconomic sustainability acceptance of ruminant farming. In particular, selection will have to (1) Improve animal health and welfare, (2) Increase
tolerance to stressors, (3) Reduce livestock environmental impact and (4) Produce
milk and meat having improved nutritional and functional properties.
Two strategies are possible to meet these objectives: (a) selection in cosmopolitan
breeds, by integrating traditional and new breeding goals; and (b) exploitation of local
breeds and their genes. Local breeds are the most adapted to low-input production
systems and a range of environments, can produce food with unique properties,
and can preserve cultural and social values. Local breeds also hold a reservoir of
valuable genes that, once discovered, may be introgressed in cosmopolitan breeds
by traditional or innovative methods Bewley [44].
5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate
Changes in Egypt
The Agricultural Research Center, Colleges of Agriculture in the different Universities, Environmental institutes, The National Research Center, The Desert Research
Center are the main agricultural institutions in Egypt that provide the science base
to enhance the adaptive capacity of the country to cope with impacts of climate
change. In addition to The National Water Research Center, National Institute of
Oceanography and Fisheries and The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority.
The Agricultural Research Center (ARC) was established in the early 1970s.
With its more than 4000 researchers working in 16 Institutes, 13 Central Labs, 10
M. A. S. Abdel Monem and I. A. El Ghandour
climate on ruminant production that may arise from reduced grassland or crop production, further more selecting plants with low water needs or high resistance to water
shortages, and high resistance to emerging pathogens. Also, increasing surveillance
and developing preventive tools (i.e. vaccines) for the control of emerging animal
diseases would also be crucial to coping with climate change and its impact on
farmed ruminants. Finally, adaptation options include developing and implementing
meteorological warning systems and insurance systems, which are needed to reduce
the impact of severe weather events and prevent loss of livestock [43].
In the field of Sustainable ruminant feeding there have been many scientific and
technological advances in such as precision livestock feeding, identification and characterization of new feed resources, the reutilization of agricultural industry residues
and biotechnologies for animal feed and animal feeding. Also a rediscovery and reevaluation of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, regarding food quality aspects
and the maintenance of ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration, land landscape maintenance, and biodiversity enhancement). The goals of precision feeding
are to increase production efficiency and profitability, reduce environmental impact,
improve product quality and safety, and improve animal health and well-being [44].
Regarding the animal breeding: In addition to meeting the growing demand for animal products, animal breeders will have to address climate change challenges to
ensure the socioeconomic sustainability acceptance of ruminant farming. In particular, selection will have to (1) Improve animal health and welfare, (2) Increase
tolerance to stressors, (3) Reduce livestock environmental impact and (4) Produce
milk and meat having improved nutritional and functional properties.
Two strategies are possible to meet these objectives: (a) selection in cosmopolitan
breeds, by integrating traditional and new breeding goals; and (b) exploitation of local
breeds and their genes. Local breeds are the most adapted to low-input production
systems and a range of environments, can produce food with unique properties,
and can preserve cultural and social values. Local breeds also hold a reservoir of
valuable genes that, once discovered, may be introgressed in cosmopolitan breeds
by traditional or innovative methods Bewley [44].
5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate
Changes in Egypt
The Agricultural Research Center, Colleges of Agriculture in the different Universities, Environmental institutes, The National Research Center, The Desert Research
Center are the main agricultural institutions in Egypt that provide the science base
to enhance the adaptive capacity of the country to cope with impacts of climate
change. In addition to The National Water Research Center, National Institute of
Oceanography and Fisheries and The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority.
The Agricultural Research Center (ARC) was established in the early 1970s.
With its more than 4000 researchers working in 16 Institutes, 13 Central Labs, 10