Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing …
69
through correct descriptions of phonological responses to temperature and day length.
Furthermore, accumulation of yield needs to be predicted by accurately predicting the
development and loss of leaf area and, therefore, a crop’s ability to intercept radiation,
accumulate biomass, and partition it to harvestable parts such as grain. Crop water
use is also needs to be accurately predicted by correctly predicting evapotranspiration
and the extraction of soil water by plant root [36]. The authors used the CropSyst
model to study the effects of cropping management systems on crop productivity
and the environment under different climate change scenarios. The CropSyst model
allows using set of daily weather data spanning on a reasonable number of years to
assess the impact of climate change on crops [36, 37] It is a multi-year, multi-crop,
daily time step crop growth simulation model, developed with an emphasis on a
user-friendly interface, and with a link to GIS software and a weather generator.
The currently developed FAO crop water productivity model AquaCrop. Steduto
et al. [38], indicated that, the model has been developed to predict yield response to
water for most field and vegetable crops under different range of irrigation and land
management, practices that requires a range of data on transpiration and evaporation. These two components of evapotranspiration can be separated by using stable
isotopes as outlined above.
4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under
Expected Harsh Environment
Giuseppe et al. [39], provided four elements to ensure low impact of environment
on ruminant production: (a) feeding techniques that increase feed efficiency and can
be adapted to different scenarios, (b) traditional and innovative methods of animal
breeding, including new technologies of gene editing that enable the rational use of
genetic resources, and (c) maintenance and enhancement of animal biodiversity.
Adaptation of ruminants to climate change: Temperature humidity index (THI),
an index which combines temperature and humidity into a single value and is widely
considered as a useful tool to predict the effects of environmental warming on farm
animals [40]. Adaptation in the ruminant sector includes actions that may help to
alleviate the direct or indirect negative effects of climate on animal health, welfare
and productivity. The adaptation measures that can minimize the direct effects of
climate change on animals are classified as structural interventions and management practices. Under intensive and semi-extensive production systems, the main
structural interventions of adaptive significance include building orientation, insulation and reflectance, shading and ventilation, with or without the use of water [41].
Provision of shade may represent an effective adaptation measure under grazing or
pastoral production systems as well. Management practices that may alleviate the
negative impacts of climate change on ruminants include hormonal treatments to
improve fertility [42], and nutritional and genetic approaches. Adoption of systems
that increase water availability may be useful to limit the negative indirect effects of
69
through correct descriptions of phonological responses to temperature and day length.
Furthermore, accumulation of yield needs to be predicted by accurately predicting the
development and loss of leaf area and, therefore, a crop’s ability to intercept radiation,
accumulate biomass, and partition it to harvestable parts such as grain. Crop water
use is also needs to be accurately predicted by correctly predicting evapotranspiration
and the extraction of soil water by plant root [36]. The authors used the CropSyst
model to study the effects of cropping management systems on crop productivity
and the environment under different climate change scenarios. The CropSyst model
allows using set of daily weather data spanning on a reasonable number of years to
assess the impact of climate change on crops [36, 37] It is a multi-year, multi-crop,
daily time step crop growth simulation model, developed with an emphasis on a
user-friendly interface, and with a link to GIS software and a weather generator.
The currently developed FAO crop water productivity model AquaCrop. Steduto
et al. [38], indicated that, the model has been developed to predict yield response to
water for most field and vegetable crops under different range of irrigation and land
management, practices that requires a range of data on transpiration and evaporation. These two components of evapotranspiration can be separated by using stable
isotopes as outlined above.
4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under
Expected Harsh Environment
Giuseppe et al. [39], provided four elements to ensure low impact of environment
on ruminant production: (a) feeding techniques that increase feed efficiency and can
be adapted to different scenarios, (b) traditional and innovative methods of animal
breeding, including new technologies of gene editing that enable the rational use of
genetic resources, and (c) maintenance and enhancement of animal biodiversity.
Adaptation of ruminants to climate change: Temperature humidity index (THI),
an index which combines temperature and humidity into a single value and is widely
considered as a useful tool to predict the effects of environmental warming on farm
animals [40]. Adaptation in the ruminant sector includes actions that may help to
alleviate the direct or indirect negative effects of climate on animal health, welfare
and productivity. The adaptation measures that can minimize the direct effects of
climate change on animals are classified as structural interventions and management practices. Under intensive and semi-extensive production systems, the main
structural interventions of adaptive significance include building orientation, insulation and reflectance, shading and ventilation, with or without the use of water [41].
Provision of shade may represent an effective adaptation measure under grazing or
pastoral production systems as well. Management practices that may alleviate the
negative impacts of climate change on ruminants include hormonal treatments to
improve fertility [42], and nutritional and genetic approaches. Adoption of systems
that increase water availability may be useful to limit the negative indirect effects of