640
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
The vulnerability of crop pollination ecosystem services to climate change.
Pollinators play a key role in food security due to their substantial intrinsic value by
providing pollination services for agriculture ecosystems. Bees are considered the
most important pollinators. Managed honeybees and other wild bee species have
an enormous, unchallenged impact as plant pollinators, both for wild plants and
crops. The value of annual global food production relies on direct contributions
by pollinators is substantial, with estimates between 235 billion and 577 billion
dollars. Recently, there is growing concern about the decline in insect pollinators
across the world. Pollinator decline has become a worldwide issue as its potential
consequences to global food production. The decline in bees is caused by multiple
stresses, including habitat fragmentation and loss, exposure to pathogens, parasites
and pesticides, shortage of food sources, and the impacts of climate change. Climate
change is considered the most relevant factor responsible for the decline of insect
pollinators. It is likely to affect the activity of insect pollinators, thereby influencing its
role in crop pollination. Climate change also is likely to alter the pollinator lifecycle,
distribution and their interaction with the prevalence of pests and diseases, affect the
bee-plant interaction, the mismatch between the flowering time and seasonal activity
of bees, lack of floral resources, biological invasion, habitat loss, degradation, and
fragmentation.
Change of agricultural calendar as a response to climate variability. Climate
and weather have different influences on crop area, intensity, and yield. These
influences are modified by farmer decision-making and innovations. Farmers are
developing coping strategies, such as adjusting some of their farming practices, given
climate variability. Enhancing our understanding of climate impact and management
contributions to crop area and intensity as well as yield is crucial for lowering
uncertainty regarding long-term effects of climate change on agricultural production
and creating more targeted responses to climate adaptation.
Crop calendars are a core component of monitoring systems for agricultural
production as they help experts focus on the seasons when different crop types
grow in the field. Land surface phenology (LSP) metrics have been used as a
proxy for crop calendars and apply criteria such as the start and end of the season
(SOS and EOS respectively) to identify the period of pixel-level growth of active
agricultural vegetation. This information, indeed, is not crop-specific and so it
remains relevant to use crop calendars from independent sources, which provide
crop-specific phenological timing like those of sowing, growing and harvesting.
Projected crop coefficients under climate change in Egypt. Because only monthly
air temperature and solar radiation are available in the RCP6.0 climate change
scenario, it is impossible to use the P-M equation. Instead, monthly ETo can be
calculated using H-S equation, and the developed prediction equations for ET(P-M)
can be used to calculate the values of monthly ETo using the developed calibration
coefficients for each agro-climatic zone. Our results showed that this method was
accurate, and the predicted ETo values were close to the calculated ETo values by the
P-M equation. Thus, it is recommended to use this procedure in case of unavailability
of wind speed and dew point temperature values. The BISm model was used to project
Kc values in 2030. The results indicated that Kc ini values for field and vegetable crops
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
The vulnerability of crop pollination ecosystem services to climate change.
Pollinators play a key role in food security due to their substantial intrinsic value by
providing pollination services for agriculture ecosystems. Bees are considered the
most important pollinators. Managed honeybees and other wild bee species have
an enormous, unchallenged impact as plant pollinators, both for wild plants and
crops. The value of annual global food production relies on direct contributions
by pollinators is substantial, with estimates between 235 billion and 577 billion
dollars. Recently, there is growing concern about the decline in insect pollinators
across the world. Pollinator decline has become a worldwide issue as its potential
consequences to global food production. The decline in bees is caused by multiple
stresses, including habitat fragmentation and loss, exposure to pathogens, parasites
and pesticides, shortage of food sources, and the impacts of climate change. Climate
change is considered the most relevant factor responsible for the decline of insect
pollinators. It is likely to affect the activity of insect pollinators, thereby influencing its
role in crop pollination. Climate change also is likely to alter the pollinator lifecycle,
distribution and their interaction with the prevalence of pests and diseases, affect the
bee-plant interaction, the mismatch between the flowering time and seasonal activity
of bees, lack of floral resources, biological invasion, habitat loss, degradation, and
fragmentation.
Change of agricultural calendar as a response to climate variability. Climate
and weather have different influences on crop area, intensity, and yield. These
influences are modified by farmer decision-making and innovations. Farmers are
developing coping strategies, such as adjusting some of their farming practices, given
climate variability. Enhancing our understanding of climate impact and management
contributions to crop area and intensity as well as yield is crucial for lowering
uncertainty regarding long-term effects of climate change on agricultural production
and creating more targeted responses to climate adaptation.
Crop calendars are a core component of monitoring systems for agricultural
production as they help experts focus on the seasons when different crop types
grow in the field. Land surface phenology (LSP) metrics have been used as a
proxy for crop calendars and apply criteria such as the start and end of the season
(SOS and EOS respectively) to identify the period of pixel-level growth of active
agricultural vegetation. This information, indeed, is not crop-specific and so it
remains relevant to use crop calendars from independent sources, which provide
crop-specific phenological timing like those of sowing, growing and harvesting.
Projected crop coefficients under climate change in Egypt. Because only monthly
air temperature and solar radiation are available in the RCP6.0 climate change
scenario, it is impossible to use the P-M equation. Instead, monthly ETo can be
calculated using H-S equation, and the developed prediction equations for ET(P-M)
can be used to calculate the values of monthly ETo using the developed calibration
coefficients for each agro-climatic zone. Our results showed that this method was
accurate, and the predicted ETo values were close to the calculated ETo values by the
P-M equation. Thus, it is recommended to use this procedure in case of unavailability
of wind speed and dew point temperature values. The BISm model was used to project
Kc values in 2030. The results indicated that Kc ini values for field and vegetable crops