Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
639
Fourth consider the soil as driver and victim of climate change in Egypt. The
soil in Egypt may consider an important source of greenhouse gas emissions (i.e.,
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides). The drivers of soil GHG emissions
are soil type and composition (i.e., soil texture, pH, soil organic matter (SOM),
etc.), soil temperature, moisture, fertilization, soil miss-management (Tillage), rice
cultivation and burning of Crop residues. Soil is also considered as a victim of climate
change. Global warming may induce, depletion of soil organic matter that causes
the decline of soil fertility, poor soil water regime, shifting of soil microbiome and
soil compaction (i.e., increase soil compaction, surface sealing, and crust formation).
Global warming also induces sea level rise (SLR) on the soil of Egypt, which increases
the area of submerged land in northern Nile Delta and consequently soil salinization.
With climate change, more frequent extreme precipitation and drought events are
projected which may exacerbate the rate and soil susceptibility to accelerated erosion,
salinization and other degradation processes, leading to further carbon losses.
Finally, soil carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation: some
implications to Egypt. Soil C sequestration is a very important tool for C storage,
atmospheric CO 2 reduction, and climate change mitigation. As well, it is critical
for enhancing soil fertility, agricultural productivity, and sustainability. Adoption of
good management practices may make agricultural soil an effective C sink because
of their content of C content is below the C saturation point, which means that an
additional C can be sequestered with time. Soil C and N are low in Egyptian soils
and Delta’s soils, although the Nile Delta is one the most fertile area in Egypt.
Although North Nile Delta in Egypt produces a very small percentage of global
GHGs emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable areas to the expected impacts and
risks of climate change. In addition, although, Nile Delta in Egypt is one of the most
fertile areas in the world, it contains a considerable area of degraded and unreclaimed
soil. Therefore, the reclamation process in such areas is very important not only for
agricultural extension in Egypt but also it may have a significant effect on SOC by
alternation of soil condition and inputs and outputs of organic C. Thus, such soil has
huge potential to sequester more C and N, subsequently reducing atmospheric CO 2
if improved management practices are adopted.
3.3 Smart Farming
Agricultural production in Egypt: Assessing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive
capacity and resilience to climate change. Climate change adaptation is of paramount
importance to agriculture, given the reliance of the sector on climate. Climate
change adaptation policies should be based on science, and incorporate knowledge
of indigenous people and traditional practices. Adaptation considerations should
be mainstreamed into sectoral and cross-sectoral policymaking, and promote good
adaptation practices to confront the heterogeneity and uncertainty of climate change
impacts. Ultimately, adaptation efforts should contribute towards sustainable food
production and food security for all.
639
Fourth consider the soil as driver and victim of climate change in Egypt. The
soil in Egypt may consider an important source of greenhouse gas emissions (i.e.,
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides). The drivers of soil GHG emissions
are soil type and composition (i.e., soil texture, pH, soil organic matter (SOM),
etc.), soil temperature, moisture, fertilization, soil miss-management (Tillage), rice
cultivation and burning of Crop residues. Soil is also considered as a victim of climate
change. Global warming may induce, depletion of soil organic matter that causes
the decline of soil fertility, poor soil water regime, shifting of soil microbiome and
soil compaction (i.e., increase soil compaction, surface sealing, and crust formation).
Global warming also induces sea level rise (SLR) on the soil of Egypt, which increases
the area of submerged land in northern Nile Delta and consequently soil salinization.
With climate change, more frequent extreme precipitation and drought events are
projected which may exacerbate the rate and soil susceptibility to accelerated erosion,
salinization and other degradation processes, leading to further carbon losses.
Finally, soil carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation: some
implications to Egypt. Soil C sequestration is a very important tool for C storage,
atmospheric CO 2 reduction, and climate change mitigation. As well, it is critical
for enhancing soil fertility, agricultural productivity, and sustainability. Adoption of
good management practices may make agricultural soil an effective C sink because
of their content of C content is below the C saturation point, which means that an
additional C can be sequestered with time. Soil C and N are low in Egyptian soils
and Delta’s soils, although the Nile Delta is one the most fertile area in Egypt.
Although North Nile Delta in Egypt produces a very small percentage of global
GHGs emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable areas to the expected impacts and
risks of climate change. In addition, although, Nile Delta in Egypt is one of the most
fertile areas in the world, it contains a considerable area of degraded and unreclaimed
soil. Therefore, the reclamation process in such areas is very important not only for
agricultural extension in Egypt but also it may have a significant effect on SOC by
alternation of soil condition and inputs and outputs of organic C. Thus, such soil has
huge potential to sequester more C and N, subsequently reducing atmospheric CO 2
if improved management practices are adopted.
3.3 Smart Farming
Agricultural production in Egypt: Assessing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive
capacity and resilience to climate change. Climate change adaptation is of paramount
importance to agriculture, given the reliance of the sector on climate. Climate
change adaptation policies should be based on science, and incorporate knowledge
of indigenous people and traditional practices. Adaptation considerations should
be mainstreamed into sectoral and cross-sectoral policymaking, and promote good
adaptation practices to confront the heterogeneity and uncertainty of climate change
impacts. Ultimately, adaptation efforts should contribute towards sustainable food
production and food security for all.